Based on 28 verified UP Board papers (2022–2026)
UP Board Class 12 Biology — Most Repeated Topics & Important Questions यूपी बोर्ड कक्षा 12 जीव विज्ञान — सबसे ज़्यादा पूछे गए टॉपिक
We tagged every question from 28 real UP Board Biology papers from 2022 to 2026 (different set codes) by chapter and topic. Below, each topic shows how many papers it appeared in, along with a real example question.
This is an analysis of past papers — it does not mean these exact questions will definitely come in the next exam. Studying the full syllabus is essential; this list is only to help you set priorities.
| Papers | Chapter | Example question (real paper) |
|---|---|---|
| 20/28 | Ch 1 | “Which of the following characteristics of a flower is suitable for insect pollination? (A) Light weighted pollen grains (B) Coloured attractive corolla (C) Multiple ovule (D) Small pollen grains” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 20/28 | Ch 4 | “How many years did Gregor Mendel conduct experiments on garden pea plants? (A) Five (B) Two (C) Seven (D) Eleven” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 20/28 | Ch 7 | “Which test confirms typhoid fever? Describe its symptoms.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 17/28 | Ch 4 | “Describe chromosomal aberration with examples.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 16/28 | Ch 5 | “Which of the following is known as universal codon? (A) AAA (B) CCC (C) GGG (D) UUU” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 14/28 | Ch 5 | “Which nitrogenous base is not present in DNA? (A) Thymine (B) Uracil (C) Adenine (D) Guanine” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 14/28 | Ch 8 | “Which of the following is a cyanobacteria? (A) Spirogyra (B) Glomus (C) Oscillatoria (D) Chlorella” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 14/28 | Ch 9 | “The enzyme that makes a cut at a specific position within the DNA is called: (A) Exonuclease (B) Endonuclease (C) Ligase (D) Polymerase” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 14/28 | Ch 10 | “What are transgenic plants? Describe benefits of transgenic plants in brief.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 14/28 | Ch 13 | “Explain the difference between in-situ and ex-situ conservations.” UP Board 2025 · 2 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 13/28 | Ch 7 | “Give a diagrammatic presentation of the stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium in human.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 13/28 | Ch 7 | “The sudden discontinuation of the regular dose of drug/alcohol causes: (A) Turner syndrome (B) Deficiency syndrome (C) Withdrawal syndrome (D) All of these” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 12/28 | Ch 2 | “Testosterone hormone is synthesized and secreted by: (A) Epididymis (B) Sertoli cells (C) Sperm (D) Leydig cells” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 12/28 | Ch 4 | “Give one example of a sex-linked recessive disorder.” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 12/28 | Ch 7 | “Comment upon the following: Autoimmune disease” UP Board 2026 · 1.5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 12/28 | Ch 7 | “What are lymphocytes? Comment upon two special types of lymphocytes present in our body.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 1 | “Describe the false fruit with a diagram.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 1 | “Write explanatory notes on: Polyembryony” UP Board 2026 · 2.5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 2 | “Define spermatogenesis. Describe the process of spermatogenesis with the help of schematic diagram.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 3 | “State the importance of the artificial insemination technique.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 3 | “Describe various factors responsible for explosive population growth in India.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 4 | “Describe the mechanism of sex determination in honey bees and birds.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 4 | “Sickle cell anaemia disease is an example of which type of mutation? (A) Point mutation (B) Euploidy (C) Deletion (D) Translocation” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 11 | “Which of the following is an attribute characteristic of a population? (A) Birth rate (B) Death rate (C) Sex ratio (D) All of the above” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 11/28 | Ch 13 | “What is a biodiversity hot-spot? Describe with an example.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 10/28 | Ch 1 | “The ovule is attached to the placenta by means of a stalk called (A) Hilum (B) Funicle (C) Embryo sac (D) Nucellus” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 10/28 | Ch 1 | “What is microsporogenesis? Describe microsporogenesis in an angiospermic plant with a diagram.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 10/28 | Ch 1 | “The endosperm of angiospermic plant is (A) Haploid (B) Diploid (C) Triploid (D) Tetraploid” UP Board 2025 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 10/28 | Ch 1 | “What is double fertilization? What is its importance?” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 10/28 | Ch 5 | “Explain transfer RNA (tRNA) as an adaptor molecule.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 10/28 | Ch 8 | “Citric acid is produced by: (A) Aspergillus niger (B) Clostridium butylicum (C) Acetobacter aceti (D) Trichoderma polysporum” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 10/28 | Ch 12 | “What is decomposition? Describe the decomposition cycle in a terrestrial ecosystem with a diagram.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 9/28 | Ch 7 | “Describe the causes, detection and diagnosis of cancer in brief.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 9/28 | Ch 9 | “Write the name of any one cloning vector.” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 9/28 | Ch 10 | “How does the production of insulin take place in genetically modified organisms?” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 9/28 | Ch 12 | “What is primary productivity? Discuss in brief the factors affecting the primary productivity.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2024, 2026 |
| 9/28 | Ch 13 | “Write the causes of loss of biodiversity.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 4 | “The phenotypic ratio of classical Mendelian dihybrid cross is: (A) 1:2:1 (B) 3:1 (C) 9:7 (D) 9:3:3:1” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 4 | “Describe allele and multiple allele.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 5 | “Name the two strands of the structural gene DNA of a transcription unit.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 5 | “What do you understand by DNA fingerprinting technique? Explain its process.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 6 | “Who proposed the theory of 'Natural Selection'? (A) Mendel (B) Lamarck (C) Darwin (D) De Vries” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 8 | “What is sewage? Describe the biological treatment of sewage in short.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 9 | “Which of the following is needed in recombinant DNA technology? (A) Restriction enzyme (B) Ligase (C) Vector (D) All of these” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 11 | “Lichen is an example of which of the following type of population interactions? (A) Predation (B) Commensalism (C) Mutualism (D) Parasitism” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 8/28 | Ch 12 | “What is a green plant called in the terminology of an ecosystem?” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 7/28 | Ch 2 | “Which hormone is secreted from the corpus luteum?” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 7/28 | Ch 5 | “Write the important goals of Human Genome Project (HGP).” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 7/28 | Ch 8 | “Write an essay on the importance of microbes in household products.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 7/28 | Ch 11 | “Which of the following statements explains parasitism? (A) Only one organism is benefitted (B) Both benefitted (C) Both harmed (D) Neither benefitted nor harmed” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 6/28 | Ch 2 | “Which of the following hormones is secreted by the placenta? (A) Progestogen (B) Relaxin (C) Prolactin (D) Growth hormone” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 6/28 | Ch 2 | “What are the finger-like projections on the edges of the infundibulum called?” UP Board 2025 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2025 |
| 6/28 | Ch 5 | “Describe the properties of genetic material.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 6/28 | Ch 7 | “Briefly describe the structure and function of antibody molecule.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 6/28 | Ch 9 | “Write the complete form of the abbreviation PCR.” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 6/28 | Ch 10 | “What do you understand by Bt? Explain by giving an example of Bt-cotton.” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2025 |
| 6/28 | Ch 11 | “Describe the different population interactions with suitable examples.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 6/28 | Ch 12 | “What is trophic level? Comment upon the different types of trophic levels in an ecosystem.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 2 | “The process of fertilization occurs in which part of the female reproductive system? (A) In ampulla area (B) In sertoli cells (C) In isthmus (D) In fallopian tube” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 3 | “Write an explanatory note on: Medical termination of pregnancy.” UP Board 2026 · 2.5 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 6 | “Name the gases which were used by S.L. Miller in the experiment of origin of life.” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 6 | “Distinguish between convergent evolution and divergent evolution.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2024, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 6 | “Write an explanatory note on: Hardy-Weinberg principle.” UP Board 2026 · 2.5 marks · years: 2024, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 6 | “What is adaptive radiation? Describe it with the help of a suitable example.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 8 | “Describe the structure of a typical biogas plant with the help of a suitable diagram.” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2024, 2025 |
| 5/28 | Ch 8 | “What is trichoderma? Give one application of trichoderma as an effective biocontrol agent.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 9 | “What do you understand by Gel Electrophoresis? Explain it. [duplicates 5(c) in this transcription — possible transcription error]” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2024, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 10 | “Define somatic hybridisation.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2023, 2025, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 10 | “Write a short note on biopiracy.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 11 | “Describe in brief the exponential growth curve with the help of a suitable example.” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2023, 2025 |
| 5/28 | Ch 12 | “Energy flow in the ecosystem is: (A) Unidirectional (B) Bidirectional (C) Multidirectional (D) All of these” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2025, 2026 |
| 5/28 | Ch 12 | “What is an ecological pyramid? Describe different types of ecological pyramid with diagram.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2024, 2026 |
| 4/28 | Ch 2 | “Define oogenesis. Describe the process of oogenesis with a diagram.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 4/28 | Ch 3 | “Describe the strategies for reproductive health.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2025, 2026 |
| 4/28 | Ch 6 | “What do you understand by: Australopithecines” UP Board 2024 · 3 marks · years: 2024 |
| 4/28 | Ch 9 | “Briefly describe the different methods used to transfer the recombinant DNA into the host cell.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2026 |
| 4/28 | Ch 10 | “Why are transgenic animals produced? Highlight the reasons.” UP Board 2026 · 5 marks · years: 2024, 2025, 2026 |
| 4/28 | Ch 11 | “Comment upon Gause's "competitive exclusion principle".” UP Board 2025 · 2 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 4/28 | Ch 11 | “Give one example of commensalism.” UP Board 2026 · 1 marks · years: 2022, 2025, 2026 |
| 4/28 | Ch 13 | “Write short notes on any two of the following: Red Data Book” UP Board 2025 · 2.5 marks · years: 2023, 2024, 2025 |
| 4/28 | Ch 13 | “Write the importance of species diversity in an ecosystem.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2022, 2025, 2026 |
| 3/28 | Ch 6 | “What is evolution? Write two evidences of evolution.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2025, 2026 |
| 3/28 | Ch 10 | “What is gene therapy? Illustrate this using the example of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency.” UP Board 2025 · 3 marks · years: 2022, 2023, 2025 |
| 2/28 | Ch 3 | “Write short notes on: Amniocentesis” UP Board 2024 · 1.5 marks · years: 2023, 2024 |
| 2/28 | Ch 9 | “Write a brief description of a bioreactor.” UP Board 2026 · 2 marks · years: 2023, 2026 |
| 2/28 | Ch 13 | “Explain the different types of biodiversity.” UP Board 2026 · 3 marks · years: 2023, 2026 |
| 1/28 | Ch 12 | “Describe the components of a water ecosystem in detail.” UP Board 2025 · 5 marks · years: 2025 |
| 1/28 | Ch 13 | “Crocodile Rehabilitation Centre Kukrail is located in (Prayagraj/Lucknow/Varanasi/Lakhimpur Kheri)” UP Board 2022 · 1 marks · years: 2022 |
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