CLASS 12 MATHS · CHAPTER 4
DeterminantsसारणिकDeterminants
Determinant of 1×1, 2×2 and 3×3 matrices, area of a triangle, minors and cofactors, adjoint and inverse of a matrix, and solving linear equations by the matrix method — NCERT Chapter 4, in easy words.1×1, 2×2 और 3×3 आव्यूहों के सारणिक, त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल, उपसारणिक और सहखंड, आव्यूह का सहखंडज और व्युत्क्रम, तथा आव्यूह विधि से रैखिक समीकरण हल करना — NCERT अध्याय 4, आसान भाषा में।1×1, 2×2 aur 3×3 matrices ka determinant, triangle ka area, minors aur cofactors, matrix ka adjoint aur inverse, aur matrix method se linear equations solve karna — NCERT Chapter 4, aasaan shabdon mein.
In this chapterइस अध्याय मेंIs chapter mein
Didn’t understand a paragraph? Tap its अ button → हिंदी / Hinglish / Simple English.कोई पैराग्राफ़ समझ नहीं आया? उसके अ बटन पर टैप कीजिए → English / Hinglish / Simple English।Koi paragraph samajh nahi aaya? Uske अ button par tap kijiye → हिंदी / English / Simple English.
Pictures — tap to zoomचित्र — टैप करके बड़ा कीजिएPictures — tap karke bada kijiye
Sign chart (+ − +) for expanding a 3 × 3 determinant3 × 3 सारणिक के प्रसरण की चिह्न सारणी (+ − +)3 × 3 determinant expand karne ka sign chart (+ − +)4.2.3
Area of triangle with vertices (3, 8), (−4, 2), (5, 1)शीर्ष (3, 8), (−4, 2), (5, 1) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफलVertices (3, 8), (−4, 2), (5, 1) wale triangle ka areaExample 6
Minor and cofactor of the element 6 (Example 8)अवयव 6 का उपसारणिक और सहखंड (उदाहरण 8)Element 6 ka minor aur cofactor (Example 8)Example 8
Adjoint = transpose of the cofactor matrix (Example 13)सहखंडज = सहखंड आव्यूह का परिवर्त (उदाहरण 13)Adjoint = cofactor matrix ka transpose (Example 13)Example 13
Two lines: one solution, no solution, infinitely many solutionsदो रेखाएँ: एक हल, कोई हल नहीं, अनंत हलDo lines: ek solution, koi solution nahi, infinite solutions4.6Try it yourselfखुद करके देखिएKhud karke dekhiye
All sections (NCERT order)सभी खंड (NCERT क्रम)Saare sections (NCERT order)
- 4.1IntroductionपरिचयIntroduction
- 4.2DeterminantसारणिकDeterminant
- 4.2.1Determinant of a matrix of order oneएक कोटि के आव्यूह का सारणिकOrder one matrix ka determinant
- 4.2.2Determinant of a matrix of order twoदो कोटि के आव्यूह का सारणिकOrder two matrix ka determinant
- 4.2.3Determinant of a matrix of order 3 × 33 × 3 कोटि के आव्यूह का सारणिक3 × 3 matrix ka determinant
- 4.3Area of a Triangleत्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफलTriangle ka area
- 4.4Minors and Cofactorsउपसारणिक और सहखंडMinors aur Cofactors
- 4.5Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrixआव्यूह का सहखंडज और व्युत्क्रमMatrix ka Adjoint aur Inverse
- 4.5.1Adjoint of a matrixआव्यूह का सहखंडजMatrix ka adjoint
- 4.6Applications of Determinants and Matricesसारणिकों और आव्यूहों के अनुप्रयोगDeterminants aur matrices ke applications
- 4.6.1Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrixआव्यूह के व्युत्क्रम द्वारा रैखिक समीकरण निकाय का हलMatrix ke inverse se linear equations ka solution
- Miscellaneous Examplesविविध उदाहरणMiscellaneous Examples
- Formula sheetसूत्र-पत्रFormula sheet
- Quick revisionत्वरित पुनरावृत्तिQuick revision
4.1IntroductionपरिचयIntroduction
In the previous chapter we wrote a system of linear equations a_1x + b_1y = c_1,\ a_2x + b_2y = c_2 as \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2 \end{bmatrix}. Whether this system has a unique solution is decided by the number a_1b_2 - a_2b_1: if a_1b_2 - a_2b_1 \ne 0, the solution is unique. This number is called the determinant of the matrix A = \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{bmatrix}, written det A. Determinants are used in Engineering, Science, Economics, Social Science, etc.पिछले अध्याय में हमने रैखिक समीकरण निकाय a_1x + b_1y = c_1,\ a_2x + b_2y = c_2 को \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2 \end{bmatrix} के रूप में लिखा था। इस निकाय का अद्वितीय हल है या नहीं, यह संख्या a_1b_2 - a_2b_1 तय करती है: यदि a_1b_2 - a_2b_1 \ne 0, तो हल अद्वितीय है। इस संख्या को आव्यूह A = \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{bmatrix} का सारणिक कहते हैं, जिसे det A लिखते हैं। सारणिकों का उपयोग इंजीनियरिंग, विज्ञान, अर्थशास्त्र, सामाजिक विज्ञान आदि में होता है।Pichhle chapter mein humne linear equations a_1x + b_1y = c_1,\ a_2x + b_2y = c_2 ko \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2 \end{bmatrix} ke roop mein likha tha. Is system ka unique solution hai ya nahi, ye number a_1b_2 - a_2b_1 decide karta hai: agar a_1b_2 - a_2b_1 \ne 0, to solution unique hai. Is number ko matrix A = \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 \end{bmatrix} ka determinant kehte hain, aur det A likhte hain. Determinants Engineering, Science, Economics, Social Science waghaira mein kaam aate hain.The number a₁b₂ − a₂b₁ decides if two equations have one unique solution. That number is the determinant.
4.2DeterminantसारणिकDeterminant
You can think of it as a function f : M \to K, where M is the set of square matrices and K is the set of numbers: f(A) = k is the determinant of A. If A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix}, its determinant is written |A| = \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = \det(A).इसे एक फलन f : M \to K की तरह सोच सकते हैं, जहाँ M वर्ग आव्यूहों का समुच्चय है और K संख्याओं का: f(A) = k, A का सारणिक है। यदि A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix}, तो इसका सारणिक |A| = \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = \det(A) लिखा जाता है।Ise ek function f : M \to K ki tarah soch sakte hain, jahan M square matrices ka set hai aur K numbers ka: f(A) = k, A ka determinant hai. Agar A = \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix}, to iska determinant |A| = \begin{vmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{vmatrix} = \det(A) likha jaata hai.Each square matrix goes to exactly one number. Square brackets [ ] mean a matrix; straight bars | | mean its determinant.
4.2.1Determinant of a matrix of order oneएक कोटि के आव्यूह का सारणिकOrder one matrix ka determinant
Let A = [a] be a matrix of order 1. Then its determinant is defined to be equal to a. For example, |[-7]| = -7 (here the bars mean determinant, so the answer stays −7).मान लीजिए A = [a] कोटि 1 का आव्यूह है। तब इसका सारणिक a के बराबर परिभाषित है। उदाहरण: |[-7]| = -7 (यहाँ खड़ी रेखाएँ सारणिक दर्शाती हैं, इसलिए उत्तर −7 ही रहता है)।Maan lijiye A = [a] order 1 ka matrix hai. To iska determinant a ke barabar define hota hai. Jaise |[-7]| = -7 (yahan bars determinant dikhati hain, isliye answer −7 hi rehta hai).For a 1 × 1 matrix [a], the determinant is just a.
4.2.2Determinant of a matrix of order twoदो कोटि के आव्यूह का सारणिकOrder two matrix ka determinant
Solution — step by step (2)हल — चरण दर चरण (2)Hal — step by step (2)
- Main diagonal 2 × 2, minus the other diagonal 4 × (−1).मुख्य विकर्ण 2 × 2, घटा दूसरा विकर्ण 4 × (−1)।Main diagonal 2 × 2, minus doosra diagonal 4 × (−1).\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 2(2) - 4(-1)
- Minus of a negative becomes plus: -4(-1) = +4.ऋण का ऋण धन बन जाता है: -4(-1) = +4।Minus ka minus plus ban jaata hai: -4(-1) = +4.= 4 + 4 = 8
✔ \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 8\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 8\begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} = 8
Solution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- Same rule: main diagonal minus the other diagonal.वही नियम: मुख्य विकर्ण घटा दूसरा विकर्ण।Wahi rule: main diagonal minus doosra diagonal.= x(x) - (x + 1)(x - 1)
- (x + 1)(x - 1) = x^2 - 1 (difference of squares).(x + 1)(x - 1) = x^2 - 1 (वर्गों का अंतर)।(x + 1)(x - 1) = x^2 - 1 (squares ka difference).= x^2 - (x^2 - 1)
- Open the bracket carefully: minus changes both signs.कोष्ठक ध्यान से खोलिए: ऋण चिह्न दोनों चिह्न बदल देता है।Bracket dhyan se kholiye: minus dono signs badal deta hai.= x^2 - x^2 + 1 = 1
✔ The value is 1 (for every x).मान 1 है (हर x के लिए)।Value 1 hai (har x ke liye).
4.2.3Determinant of a matrix of order 3 × 33 × 3 कोटि के आव्यूह का सारणिक3 × 3 matrix ka determinant
A determinant of order three is found by writing it in terms of second order determinants. This is called expansion of a determinant along a row (or a column). There are six ways — along R_1, R_2, R_3 or C_1, C_2, C_3 — and all six give the same value.तीन कोटि का सारणिक उसे दो कोटि के सारणिकों के रूप में लिखकर निकाला जाता है। इसे किसी पंक्ति (या स्तंभ) के अनुदिश सारणिक का प्रसरण कहते हैं। इसके छह तरीके हैं — R_1, R_2, R_3 या C_1, C_2, C_3 के अनुदिश — और छहों से एक ही मान आता है।Order 3 ka determinant use order 2 ke determinants mein likhkar nikalte hain. Ise kisi row (ya column) ke along determinant ka expansion kehte hain. Iske chhe tareeke hain — R_1, R_2, R_3 ya C_1, C_2, C_3 ke along — aur chhahon se same value aati hai.A 3×3 determinant is broken into three 2×2 determinants. You may expand along any row or column; the answer is the same.
Expansion along the first row (R_1) of |A| = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix}. Step 1: multiply a_{11} by (-1)^{1+1} and by the 2 × 2 determinant left after deleting R_1 and C_1. Step 2: multiply a_{12} by (-1)^{1+2} and by the determinant left after deleting R_1 and C_2. Step 3: multiply a_{13} by (-1)^{1+3} and by the determinant left after deleting R_1 and C_3. Step 4: add the three terms.|A| = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix} का पहली पंक्ति (R_1) के अनुदिश प्रसरण। चरण 1: a_{11} को (-1)^{1+1} से और R_1 व C_1 हटाने पर बचे 2 × 2 सारणिक से गुणा कीजिए। चरण 2: a_{12} को (-1)^{1+2} से और R_1 व C_2 हटाने पर बचे सारणिक से गुणा कीजिए। चरण 3: a_{13} को (-1)^{1+3} से और R_1 व C_3 हटाने पर बचे सारणिक से गुणा कीजिए। चरण 4: तीनों पदों को जोड़िए।|A| = \begin{vmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix} ka pehli row (R_1) ke along expansion. Step 1: a_{11} ko (-1)^{1+1} se aur R_1, C_1 hatane par bache 2 × 2 determinant se multiply kijiye. Step 2: a_{12} ko (-1)^{1+2} se aur R_1, C_2 hatane par bache determinant se multiply kijiye. Step 3: a_{13} ko (-1)^{1+3} se aur R_1, C_3 hatane par bache determinant se multiply kijiye. Step 4: teeno terms jod dijiye.Take each element of the row, attach the sign (−1)^(i+j), multiply by the small 2×2 determinant left after hiding its row and column, then add.
Multiplying out: |A| = a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} - a_{11}a_{32}a_{23} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{31}a_{23} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{13}a_{31}a_{22} … (1). NCERT also expands along R_2 (signs − + −) and along C_1 (signs + − +) and gets exactly the same six terms — so expanding along any row or column gives the same value.गुणा करने पर: |A| = a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} - a_{11}a_{32}a_{23} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{31}a_{23} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{13}a_{31}a_{22} … (1)। NCERT R_2 के अनुदिश (चिह्न − + −) और C_1 के अनुदिश (चिह्न + − +) भी प्रसरण करके यही छह पद पाती है — इसलिए किसी भी पंक्ति या स्तंभ के अनुदिश प्रसरण से एक ही मान मिलता है।Multiply karne par: |A| = a_{11}a_{22}a_{33} - a_{11}a_{32}a_{23} - a_{12}a_{21}a_{33} + a_{12}a_{31}a_{23} + a_{13}a_{21}a_{32} - a_{13}a_{31}a_{22} … (1). NCERT R_2 ke along (signs − + −) aur C_1 ke along (signs + − +) bhi expand karke yahi chhe terms paati hai — isliye kisi bhi row ya column ke along expand karein, value same aati hai.All six expansions give the same six terms, so the value is the same.
Sign chart (+ − +) for expanding a 3 × 3 determinant3 × 3 सारणिक के प्रसरण की चिह्न सारणी (+ − +)3 × 3 determinant expand karne ka sign chart (+ − +)NCERT 4.2.3 · 9 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- The third column has two zeros, so only one term survives.तीसरे स्तंभ में दो शून्य हैं, इसलिए केवल एक पद बचेगा।Teesre column mein do zero hain, isliye sirf ek term bachega.\text{Expand along } C_3
- Signs for C_3 are + − + (positions (1,3), (2,3), (3,3)).C_3 के चिह्न + − + हैं (स्थान (1,3), (2,3), (3,3))।C_3 ke signs + − + hain (positions (1,3), (2,3), (3,3)).\Delta = 4\begin{vmatrix} -1 & 3 \\ 4 & 1 \end{vmatrix} - 0\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 4 & 1 \end{vmatrix} + 0\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ -1 & 3 \end{vmatrix}
- \begin{vmatrix} -1 & 3 \\ 4 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = (-1)(1) - (4)(3) = -13.\begin{vmatrix} -1 & 3 \\ 4 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = (-1)(1) - (4)(3) = -13।\begin{vmatrix} -1 & 3 \\ 4 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = (-1)(1) - (4)(3) = -13.= 4(-1 - 12) - 0 + 0
- 4 \times (-13) = -52.4 \times (-13) = -52।4 \times (-13) = -52.= -52
✔ \Delta = -52\Delta = -52\Delta = -52
Solution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- Expand along R_1 with signs + − +. The third element is -\cos\alpha, so "+ × (−cos α)" gives "− cos α".R_1 के अनुदिश चिह्न + − + से प्रसरण। तीसरा अवयव -\cos\alpha है, इसलिए "+ × (−cos α)" से "− cos α" मिलता है।R_1 ke along signs + − + se expand kiya. Teesra element -\cos\alpha hai, isliye "+ × (−cos α)" se "− cos α" milta hai.\Delta = 0\begin{vmatrix} 0 & \sin\beta \\ -\sin\beta & 0 \end{vmatrix} - \sin\alpha\begin{vmatrix} -\sin\alpha & \sin\beta \\ \cos\alpha & 0 \end{vmatrix} - \cos\alpha\begin{vmatrix} -\sin\alpha & 0 \\ \cos\alpha & -\sin\beta \end{vmatrix}
- Work out each 2 × 2 determinant: main diagonal minus other diagonal.हर 2 × 2 सारणिक निकालिए: मुख्य विकर्ण घटा दूसरा विकर्ण।Har 2 × 2 determinant nikaliye: main diagonal minus doosra diagonal.= 0 - \sin\alpha(0 - \sin\beta\cos\alpha) - \cos\alpha(\sin\alpha\sin\beta - 0)
- The two terms are equal and cancel.दोनों पद बराबर हैं और कट जाते हैं।Dono terms barabar hain aur cut jaate hain.= \sin\alpha\sin\beta\cos\alpha - \cos\alpha\sin\alpha\sin\beta = 0
✔ \Delta = 0\Delta = 0\Delta = 0
Solution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- Left: 3(1) - x \cdot x. Right: 3(1) - 4(2).बायाँ: 3(1) - x \cdot x। दायाँ: 3(1) - 4(2)।Left: 3(1) - x \cdot x. Right: 3(1) - 4(2).3 - x^2 = 3 - 8
- Cancel 3 from both sides and multiply by −1.दोनों ओर से 3 हटाइए और −1 से गुणा कीजिए।Dono taraf se 3 hataiye aur −1 se multiply kijiye.x^2 = 8
- Square root gives two values; \sqrt{8} = \sqrt{4 \times 2} = 2\sqrt{2}.वर्गमूल से दो मान मिलते हैं; \sqrt{8} = \sqrt{4 \times 2} = 2\sqrt{2}।Square root se do values milti hain; \sqrt{8} = \sqrt{4 \times 2} = 2\sqrt{2}.x = \pm\sqrt{8} = \pm 2\sqrt{2}
✔ x = \pm 2\sqrt{2}x = \pm 2\sqrt{2}x = \pm 2\sqrt{2}
(Exercise 4.1, Q1) Evaluate \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -5 & -1 \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.1, प्र. 1) \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -5 & -1 \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.1, Q1) \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ -5 & -1 \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
Show answerउत्तर देखिएAnswer dekhiye
18 (since 2(-1) - 4(-5) = -2 + 20)18 (क्योंकि 2(-1) - 4(-5) = -2 + 20)18 (kyunki 2(-1) - 4(-5) = -2 + 20)
(Exercise 4.1, Q2 i) Evaluate \begin{vmatrix} \cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\ \sin\theta & \cos\theta \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.1, प्र. 2 i) \begin{vmatrix} \cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\ \sin\theta & \cos\theta \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.1, Q2 i) \begin{vmatrix} \cos\theta & -\sin\theta \\ \sin\theta & \cos\theta \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
Show answerउत्तर देखिएAnswer dekhiye
1 (\cos^2\theta + \sin^2\theta = 1)1 (\cos^2\theta + \sin^2\theta = 1)1 (\cos^2\theta + \sin^2\theta = 1)
(Exercise 4.1, Q5 ii) Evaluate \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -4 & 5 \\ 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.1, प्र. 5 ii) \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -4 & 5 \\ 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.1, Q5 ii) \begin{vmatrix} 3 & -4 & 5 \\ 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
Show answerउत्तर देखिएAnswer dekhiye
464646
(Exercise 4.1, Q6) If A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 1 & -3 \\ 5 & 4 & -9 \end{bmatrix}, find |A|.(प्रश्नावली 4.1, प्र. 6) यदि A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 1 & -3 \\ 5 & 4 & -9 \end{bmatrix}, तो |A| ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.1, Q6) Agar A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & -2 \\ 2 & 1 & -3 \\ 5 & 4 & -9 \end{bmatrix}, to |A| nikaliye.
Show answerउत्तर देखिएAnswer dekhiye
000
(Exercise 4.1, Q7 i) Find x if \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ 5 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 2x & 4 \\ 6 & x \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.1, प्र. 7 i) x ज्ञात कीजिए यदि \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ 5 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 2x & 4 \\ 6 & x \end{vmatrix}।(Exercise 4.1, Q7 i) x nikaliye agar \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 4 \\ 5 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 2x & 4 \\ 6 & x \end{vmatrix}.
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x = \pm\sqrt{3} (-18 = 2x^2 - 24, so x^2 = 3)x = \pm\sqrt{3} (-18 = 2x^2 - 24, अतः x^2 = 3)x = \pm\sqrt{3} (-18 = 2x^2 - 24, to x^2 = 3)
(Exercise 4.1, Q8) If \begin{vmatrix} x & 2 \\ 18 & x \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 2 \\ 18 & 6 \end{vmatrix}, then x is equal to (A) 6 (B) ± 6 (C) − 6 (D) 0(प्रश्नावली 4.1, प्र. 8) यदि \begin{vmatrix} x & 2 \\ 18 & x \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 2 \\ 18 & 6 \end{vmatrix}, तो x बराबर है (A) 6 (B) ± 6 (C) − 6 (D) 0(Exercise 4.1, Q8) Agar \begin{vmatrix} x & 2 \\ 18 & x \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 2 \\ 18 & 6 \end{vmatrix}, to x barabar hai (A) 6 (B) ± 6 (C) − 6 (D) 0
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(B) \pm 6 (x^2 - 36 = 36 - 36 = 0)(B) \pm 6 (x^2 - 36 = 36 - 36 = 0)(B) \pm 6 (x^2 - 36 = 36 - 36 = 0)
4.3Area of a Triangleत्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफलTriangle ka area
In earlier classes we learnt that the area of a triangle with vertices (x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), (x_3, y_3) is \dfrac{1}{2}\left[x_1(y_2 - y_3) + x_2(y_3 - y_1) + x_3(y_1 - y_2)\right]. This expression can be written as a determinant:पिछली कक्षाओं में हमने पढ़ा कि शीर्षों (x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), (x_3, y_3) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल \dfrac{1}{2}\left[x_1(y_2 - y_3) + x_2(y_3 - y_1) + x_3(y_1 - y_2)\right] है। इस व्यंजक को सारणिक के रूप में लिखा जा सकता है:Pichhli classes mein humne padha ki vertices (x_1, y_1), (x_2, y_2), (x_3, y_3) wale triangle ka area \dfrac{1}{2}\left[x_1(y_2 - y_3) + x_2(y_3 - y_1) + x_3(y_1 - y_2)\right] hota hai. Ise determinant ke roop mein likh sakte hain:The old area formula of a triangle can be packed into a determinant.
Area of triangle with vertices (3, 8), (−4, 2), (5, 1)शीर्ष (3, 8), (−4, 2), (5, 1) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफलVertices (3, 8), (−4, 2), (5, 1) wale triangle ka areaNCERT Example 6 · 8 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- One row per vertex: (x, y, 1).हर शीर्ष की एक पंक्ति: (x, y, 1)।Har vertex ki ek row: (x, y, 1).\Delta = \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{vmatrix} 3 & 8 & 1 \\ -4 & 2 & 1 \\ 5 & 1 & 1 \end{vmatrix}
- Expand along R_1 with signs + − +.R_1 के अनुदिश चिह्न + − + से प्रसरण।R_1 ke along signs + − + se expand kiya.= \dfrac{1}{2}\left[3(2 - 1) - 8(-4 - 5) + 1(-4 - 10)\right]
- -8 \times (-9) = +72 and 1 \times (-14) = -14.-8 \times (-9) = +72 और 1 \times (-14) = -14।-8 \times (-9) = +72 aur 1 \times (-14) = -14.= \dfrac{1}{2}(3 + 72 - 14) = \dfrac{61}{2}
✔ Area = \dfrac{61}{2} square units.क्षेत्रफल = \dfrac{61}{2} वर्ग इकाई।Area = \dfrac{61}{2} square units.
Solution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- Let P(x, y) be any point on AB. A, B, P are collinear, so the area of triangle ABP is zero.मान लीजिए P(x, y), AB पर कोई बिंदु है। A, B, P संरेख हैं, इसलिए त्रिभुज ABP का क्षेत्रफल शून्य है।Maan lijiye P(x, y), AB par koi point hai. A, B, P collinear hain, isliye triangle ABP ka area zero hai.\dfrac{1}{2}\begin{vmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 3 & 1 \\ x & y & 1 \end{vmatrix} = 0
- Expand along R_1: only the last entry 1 is non-zero, giving 1 \cdot (1 \cdot y - 3x).R_1 के अनुदिश प्रसरण: केवल अंतिम प्रविष्टि 1 शून्येतर है, जिससे 1 \cdot (1 \cdot y - 3x) मिलता है।R_1 ke along expand: sirf aakhri entry 1 non-zero hai, jisse 1 \cdot (1 \cdot y - 3x) milta hai.\dfrac{1}{2}(y - 3x) = 0 \Rightarrow y = 3x
- Area of ABD is 3, so the determinant (with ½) can be +3 or −3 (Remark ii).ABD का क्षेत्रफल 3 है, इसलिए ½ सहित सारणिक +3 या −3 हो सकता है (टिप्पणी ii)।ABD ka area 3 hai, isliye ½ ke saath determinant +3 ya −3 ho sakta hai (Remark ii).\dfrac{1}{2}\begin{vmatrix} 1 & 3 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ k & 0 & 1 \end{vmatrix} = \pm 3
- Expand along R_2: only a_{23} = 1 survives, with sign −: -1(0 - 3k) = 3k. (The NCERT book writes -\frac{3k}{2} = \pm 3, i.e. k = \mp 2; because we take ±3 anyway, the two values of k are the same.)R_2 के अनुदिश प्रसरण: केवल a_{23} = 1 बचता है, चिह्न − के साथ: -1(0 - 3k) = 3k। (NCERT पुस्तक में -\frac{3k}{2} = \pm 3, अर्थात् k = \mp 2 लिखा है; हम ±3 लेते ही हैं, इसलिए k के दोनों मान वही रहते हैं।)R_2 ke along expand: sirf a_{23} = 1 bachta hai, sign − ke saath: -1(0 - 3k) = 3k. (NCERT book mein -\frac{3k}{2} = \pm 3, yaani k = \mp 2 likha hai; hum ±3 lete hi hain, isliye k ki dono values wahi rehti hain.)\dfrac{3k}{2} = \pm 3 \Rightarrow k = \pm 2
✔ Line AB: y = 3x; k = \pm 2.रेखा AB: y = 3x; k = \pm 2।Line AB: y = 3x; k = \pm 2.
(Exercise 4.2, Q1 ii) Find the area of the triangle with vertices (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8).(प्रश्नावली 4.2, प्र. 1 ii) शीर्षों (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.2, Q1 ii) Vertices (2, 7), (1, 1), (10, 8) wale triangle ka area nikaliye.
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\dfrac{47}{2} sq units\dfrac{47}{2} वर्ग इकाई\dfrac{47}{2} sq units
(Exercise 4.2, Q1 iii) Find the area of the triangle with vertices (−2, −3), (3, 2), (−1, −8).(प्रश्नावली 4.2, प्र. 1 iii) शीर्षों (−2, −3), (3, 2), (−1, −8) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.2, Q1 iii) Vertices (−2, −3), (3, 2), (−1, −8) wale triangle ka area nikaliye.
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15 sq units15 वर्ग इकाई15 sq units
(Exercise 4.2, Q3 i) Find k if the area of the triangle is 4 sq units and the vertices are (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2).(प्रश्नावली 4.2, प्र. 3 i) k ज्ञात कीजिए यदि त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल 4 वर्ग इकाई है और शीर्ष (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) हैं।(Exercise 4.2, Q3 i) k nikaliye agar triangle ka area 4 sq units hai aur vertices (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2) hain.
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k = 0, 8k = 0, 8k = 0, 8
(Exercise 4.2, Q4 ii) Find the equation of the line joining (3, 1) and (9, 3) using determinants.(प्रश्नावली 4.2, प्र. 4 ii) सारणिकों से (3, 1) और (9, 3) को मिलाने वाली रेखा का समीकरण ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.2, Q4 ii) Determinants se (3, 1) aur (9, 3) ko jodne wali line ka equation nikaliye.
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x - 3y = 0x - 3y = 0x - 3y = 0
(Exercise 4.2, Q5) If the area of a triangle is 35 sq units with vertices (2, −6), (5, 4) and (k, 4), then k is (A) 12 (B) −2 (C) −12, −2 (D) 12, −2(प्रश्नावली 4.2, प्र. 5) यदि शीर्षों (2, −6), (5, 4) और (k, 4) वाले त्रिभुज का क्षेत्रफल 35 वर्ग इकाई है, तो k है (A) 12 (B) −2 (C) −12, −2 (D) 12, −2(Exercise 4.2, Q5) Agar vertices (2, −6), (5, 4) aur (k, 4) wale triangle ka area 35 sq units hai, to k hai (A) 12 (B) −2 (C) −12, −2 (D) 12, −2
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(D) 12, -2(D) 12, -2(D) 12, -2
4.4Minors and Cofactorsउपसारणिक और सहखंडMinors aur Cofactors
In this section we write the expansion of a determinant in a compact form using minors and cofactors.इस अनुच्छेद में हम उपसारणिकों और सहखंडों की सहायता से सारणिक के प्रसरण को संक्षिप्त रूप में लिखना सीखेंगे।Is section mein hum minors aur cofactors ki madad se determinant ka expansion chhote roop mein likhna seekhenge.Minors and cofactors give a short way to write the expansion.
Remark. The minor of an element of a determinant of order n (n ≥ 2) is a determinant of order n − 1. So in a 3 × 3 determinant every minor is a 2 × 2 determinant.टिप्पणी। कोटि n (n ≥ 2) के सारणिक के किसी अवयव का उपसारणिक कोटि n − 1 का सारणिक होता है। इसलिए 3 × 3 सारणिक में हर उपसारणिक एक 2 × 2 सारणिक है।Remark. Order n (n ≥ 2) ke determinant ke kisi element ka minor order n − 1 ka determinant hota hai. Isliye 3 × 3 determinant mein har minor ek 2 × 2 determinant hai.In a 3×3 determinant, every minor is a 2×2 determinant.
Minor and cofactor of the element 6 (Example 8)अवयव 6 का उपसारणिक और सहखंड (उदाहरण 8)Element 6 ka minor aur cofactor (Example 8)NCERT Example 8 · 9 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- 6 lies in the second row and third column.6 दूसरी पंक्ति और तीसरे स्तंभ में है।6 doosri row aur teesre column mein hai.6 = a_{23}
- Delete R_2 and C_3; the four numbers left are 1, 2, 7, 8.R_2 और C_3 हटाइए; बचे चार अंक 1, 2, 7, 8 हैं।R_2 aur C_3 hataiye; bache chaar numbers 1, 2, 7, 8 hain.M_{23} = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 7 & 8 \end{vmatrix}
- 1 \times 8 - 7 \times 2.1 \times 8 - 7 \times 2।1 \times 8 - 7 \times 2.= 8 - 14 = -6
✔ M_{23} = -6M_{23} = -6M_{23} = -6
Solution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- In a 2 × 2 determinant, deleting a row and a column leaves just one number — the "opposite corner".2 × 2 सारणिक में एक पंक्ति और एक स्तंभ हटाने पर केवल एक संख्या बचती है — "सामने वाला कोना"।2 × 2 determinant mein ek row aur ek column hatane par sirf ek number bachta hai — "saamne wala kona".M_{11} = 3,\ M_{12} = 4,\ M_{21} = -2,\ M_{22} = 1
- 1 + 1 = 2 is even (sign +); 1 + 2 = 3 is odd (sign −).1 + 1 = 2 सम है (चिह्न +); 1 + 2 = 3 विषम है (चिह्न −)।1 + 1 = 2 even hai (sign +); 1 + 2 = 3 odd hai (sign −).A_{11} = (-1)^{2}(3) = 3,\quad A_{12} = (-1)^{3}(4) = -4
- Odd sum flips the sign of −2 to +2; even sum keeps 1.विषम योग −2 का चिह्न बदलकर +2 करता है; सम योग 1 को वैसा ही रखता है।Odd sum −2 ka sign badal kar +2 karta hai; even sum 1 ko waisa hi rakhta hai.A_{21} = (-1)^{3}(-2) = 2,\quad A_{22} = (-1)^{4}(1) = 1
✔ M_{11} = 3, M_{12} = 4, M_{21} = -2, M_{22} = 1; A_{11} = 3, A_{12} = -4, A_{21} = 2, A_{22} = 1M_{11} = 3, M_{12} = 4, M_{21} = -2, M_{22} = 1; A_{11} = 3, A_{12} = -4, A_{21} = 2, A_{22} = 1M_{11} = 3, M_{12} = 4, M_{21} = -2, M_{22} = 1; A_{11} = 3, A_{12} = -4, A_{21} = 2, A_{22} = 1
Solution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- Delete R_1 and C_1.R_1 और C_1 हटाइए।R_1 aur C_1 hataiye.M_{11} = \begin{vmatrix} a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix} = a_{22}a_{33} - a_{23}a_{32}
- 1 + 1 is even, so cofactor = minor.1 + 1 सम है, इसलिए सहखंड = उपसारणिक।1 + 1 even hai, isliye cofactor = minor.A_{11} = (-1)^{1+1}M_{11} = a_{22}a_{33} - a_{23}a_{32}
- Delete R_2 and C_1.R_2 और C_1 हटाइए।R_2 aur C_1 hataiye.M_{21} = \begin{vmatrix} a_{12} & a_{13} \\ a_{32} & a_{33} \end{vmatrix} = a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32}
- 2 + 1 is odd, so the sign flips.2 + 1 विषम है, इसलिए चिह्न बदलता है।2 + 1 odd hai, isliye sign badalta hai.A_{21} = (-1)^{2+1}M_{21} = -a_{12}a_{33} + a_{13}a_{32}
✔ M_{11} = A_{11} = a_{22}a_{33} - a_{23}a_{32}; M_{21} = a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32}, A_{21} = -(a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32})M_{11} = A_{11} = a_{22}a_{33} - a_{23}a_{32}; M_{21} = a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32}, A_{21} = -(a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32})M_{11} = A_{11} = a_{22}a_{33} - a_{23}a_{32}; M_{21} = a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32}, A_{21} = -(a_{12}a_{33} - a_{13}a_{32})
Solution — step by step (11)हल — चरण दर चरण (11)Hal — step by step (11)
- 0 - 20 = -20; sign + at (1, 1).0 - 20 = -20; (1, 1) पर चिह्न +।0 - 20 = -20; (1, 1) par sign +.M_{11} = \begin{vmatrix} 0 & 4 \\ 5 & -7 \end{vmatrix} = -20;\ A_{11} = -20
- -42 - 4 = -46; sign − at (1, 2) flips it.-42 - 4 = -46; (1, 2) पर चिह्न − इसे बदल देता है।-42 - 4 = -46; (1, 2) par sign − ise badal deta hai.M_{12} = \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 4 \\ 1 & -7 \end{vmatrix} = -46;\ A_{12} = 46
- 30 - 0; sign +.30 - 0; चिह्न +।30 - 0; sign +.M_{13} = \begin{vmatrix} 6 & 0 \\ 1 & 5 \end{vmatrix} = 30;\ A_{13} = 30
- 21 - 25 = -4; sign − at (2, 1).21 - 25 = -4; (2, 1) पर चिह्न −।21 - 25 = -4; (2, 1) par sign −.M_{21} = \begin{vmatrix} -3 & 5 \\ 5 & -7 \end{vmatrix} = -4;\ A_{21} = 4
- -14 - 5 = -19; sign + at (2, 2).-14 - 5 = -19; (2, 2) पर चिह्न +।-14 - 5 = -19; (2, 2) par sign +.M_{22} = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 1 & -7 \end{vmatrix} = -19;\ A_{22} = -19
- 10 + 3 = 13; sign − at (2, 3).10 + 3 = 13; (2, 3) पर चिह्न −।10 + 3 = 13; (2, 3) par sign −.M_{23} = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 1 & 5 \end{vmatrix} = 13;\ A_{23} = -13
- -12 - 0; sign + at (3, 1).-12 - 0; (3, 1) पर चिह्न +।-12 - 0; (3, 1) par sign +.M_{31} = \begin{vmatrix} -3 & 5 \\ 0 & 4 \end{vmatrix} = -12;\ A_{31} = -12
- 8 - 30 = -22; sign − at (3, 2).8 - 30 = -22; (3, 2) पर चिह्न −।8 - 30 = -22; (3, 2) par sign −.M_{32} = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 6 & 4 \end{vmatrix} = -22;\ A_{32} = 22
- 0 + 18; sign + at (3, 3).0 + 18; (3, 3) पर चिह्न +।0 + 18; (3, 3) par sign +.M_{33} = \begin{vmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ 6 & 0 \end{vmatrix} = 18;\ A_{33} = 18
- Elements of R_1 (2, −3, 5) with cofactors of R_3 (−12, 22, 18).R_1 के अवयव (2, −3, 5) और R_3 के सहखंड (−12, 22, 18)।R_1 ke elements (2, −3, 5) aur R_3 ke cofactors (−12, 22, 18).a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} = 2(-12) + (-3)(22) + 5(18)
- As the Note says: a row times the cofactors of a different row gives 0.जैसा 'ध्यान दीजिए' में कहा: एक पंक्ति × दूसरी पंक्ति के सहखंड = 0।Jaisa Note mein kaha: ek row × doosri row ke cofactors = 0.= -24 - 66 + 90 = 0
✔ Verified: a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} = 0सत्यापित: a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} = 0Verified: a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} = 0
(Exercise 4.3, Q2 ii) Write minors and cofactors of the elements of \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 & 4 \\ 3 & 5 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.3, प्र. 2 ii) \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 & 4 \\ 3 & 5 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} के अवयवों के उपसारणिक और सहखंड लिखिए।(Exercise 4.3, Q2 ii) \begin{vmatrix} 1 & 0 & 4 \\ 3 & 5 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 \end{vmatrix} ke elements ke minors aur cofactors likhiye.
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M_{11} = 11, M_{12} = 6, M_{13} = 3, M_{21} = -4, M_{22} = 2, M_{23} = 1, M_{31} = -20, M_{32} = -13, M_{33} = 5; A_{11} = 11, A_{12} = -6, A_{13} = 3, A_{21} = 4, A_{22} = 2, A_{23} = -1, A_{31} = -20, A_{32} = 13, A_{33} = 5M_{11} = 11, M_{12} = 6, M_{13} = 3, M_{21} = -4, M_{22} = 2, M_{23} = 1, M_{31} = -20, M_{32} = -13, M_{33} = 5; A_{11} = 11, A_{12} = -6, A_{13} = 3, A_{21} = 4, A_{22} = 2, A_{23} = -1, A_{31} = -20, A_{32} = 13, A_{33} = 5M_{11} = 11, M_{12} = 6, M_{13} = 3, M_{21} = -4, M_{22} = 2, M_{23} = 1, M_{31} = -20, M_{32} = -13, M_{33} = 5; A_{11} = 11, A_{12} = -6, A_{13} = 3, A_{21} = 4, A_{22} = 2, A_{23} = -1, A_{31} = -20, A_{32} = 13, A_{33} = 5
(Exercise 4.3, Q3) Using cofactors of elements of the second row, evaluate \Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 5 & 3 & 8 \\ 2 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.3, प्र. 3) दूसरी पंक्ति के अवयवों के सहखंडों से \Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 5 & 3 & 8 \\ 2 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.3, Q3) Doosri row ke elements ke cofactors se \Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 5 & 3 & 8 \\ 2 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
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7 (A_{21} = 7, A_{22} = 7, A_{23} = -7; 2(7) + 0 + 1(-7) = 7)7 (A_{21} = 7, A_{22} = 7, A_{23} = -7; 2(7) + 0 + 1(-7) = 7)7 (A_{21} = 7, A_{22} = 7, A_{23} = -7; 2(7) + 0 + 1(-7) = 7)
(Exercise 4.3, Q4) Using cofactors of elements of the third column, evaluate \Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & x & yz \\ 1 & y & zx \\ 1 & z & xy \end{vmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.3, प्र. 4) तीसरे स्तंभ के अवयवों के सहखंडों से \Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & x & yz \\ 1 & y & zx \\ 1 & z & xy \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.3, Q4) Teesre column ke elements ke cofactors se \Delta = \begin{vmatrix} 1 & x & yz \\ 1 & y & zx \\ 1 & z & xy \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
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(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)(x - y)(y - z)(z - x)
(Exercise 4.3, Q5) If \Delta = |a_{ij}|_{3 \times 3} and A_{ij} is the cofactor of a_{ij}, then \Delta is (A) a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} (B) a_{11}A_{11} + a_{12}A_{21} + a_{13}A_{31} (C) a_{21}A_{11} + a_{22}A_{12} + a_{23}A_{13} (D) a_{11}A_{11} + a_{21}A_{21} + a_{31}A_{31}(प्रश्नावली 4.3, प्र. 5) यदि \Delta = |a_{ij}|_{3 \times 3} और A_{ij}, a_{ij} का सहखंड है, तो \Delta है (A) a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} (B) a_{11}A_{11} + a_{12}A_{21} + a_{13}A_{31} (C) a_{21}A_{11} + a_{22}A_{12} + a_{23}A_{13} (D) a_{11}A_{11} + a_{21}A_{21} + a_{31}A_{31}(Exercise 4.3, Q5) Agar \Delta = |a_{ij}|_{3 \times 3} aur A_{ij}, a_{ij} ka cofactor hai, to \Delta hai (A) a_{11}A_{31} + a_{12}A_{32} + a_{13}A_{33} (B) a_{11}A_{11} + a_{12}A_{21} + a_{13}A_{31} (C) a_{21}A_{11} + a_{22}A_{12} + a_{23}A_{13} (D) a_{11}A_{11} + a_{21}A_{21} + a_{31}A_{31}
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(D) — elements of C_1 with their own cofactors.(D) — C_1 के अवयव अपने ही सहखंडों के साथ।(D) — C_1 ke elements apne hi cofactors ke saath.
4.5Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrixआव्यूह का सहखंडज और व्युत्क्रमMatrix ka Adjoint aur Inverse
In the previous chapter we studied the inverse of a matrix. In this section we find the condition for the inverse to exist and a formula for it. First we define the adjoint of a matrix.पिछले अध्याय में हमने आव्यूह का व्युत्क्रम पढ़ा। इस अनुच्छेद में हम व्युत्क्रम के अस्तित्व का प्रतिबंध और उसका सूत्र ज्ञात करेंगे। पहले हम आव्यूह का सहखंडज परिभाषित करते हैं।Pichhle chapter mein humne matrix ka inverse padha. Is section mein hum inverse kab exist karta hai aur uska formula dekhenge. Pehle matrix ka adjoint define karte hain.We learn when a matrix has an inverse and how to find it, using the adjoint.
4.5.1Adjoint of a matrixआव्यूह का सहखंडजMatrix ka adjoint
Adjoint = transpose of the cofactor matrix (Example 13)सहखंडज = सहखंड आव्यूह का परिवर्त (उदाहरण 13)Adjoint = cofactor matrix ka transpose (Example 13)NCERT Example 13 · 8 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (2)हल — चरण दर चरण (2)Hal — step by step (2)
- Each cofactor is the opposite corner with the sign + − / − +.हर सहखंड सामने वाला कोना है, चिह्न + − / − + के साथ।Har cofactor saamne wala kona hai, sign + − / − + ke saath.A_{11} = 4,\ A_{12} = -1,\ A_{21} = -3,\ A_{22} = 2
- Transpose: the cofactors of row 1 go into column 1.परिवर्त: पंक्ति 1 के सहखंड स्तंभ 1 में जाते हैं।Transpose: row 1 ke cofactors column 1 mein jaate hain.\text{adj}\,A = \begin{bmatrix} A_{11} & A_{21} \\ A_{12} & A_{22} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
✔ \text{adj}\,A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\text{adj}\,A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\text{adj}\,A = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
Why it works (verification). The (i, j) entry of A(\text{adj}\,A) is (row i of A) · (cofactors of row j). If i = j this is |A| (an element row times its own cofactors); if i ≠ j it is 0 (the Note in 4.4). So A(\text{adj}\,A) = \begin{bmatrix} |A| & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & |A| & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & |A| \end{bmatrix} = |A|\,I.यह क्यों सही है (सत्यापन)। A(\text{adj}\,A) की (i, j) प्रविष्टि = (A की पंक्ति i) · (पंक्ति j के सहखंड)। यदि i = j तो यह |A| है (पंक्ति × अपने ही सहखंड); यदि i ≠ j तो 0 है (4.4 का 'ध्यान दीजिए')। इसलिए A(\text{adj}\,A) = \begin{bmatrix} |A| & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & |A| & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & |A| \end{bmatrix} = |A|\,I।Ye kyun sahi hai (verification). A(\text{adj}\,A) ki (i, j) entry = (A ki row i) · (row j ke cofactors). Agar i = j to ye |A| hai (row × apne hi cofactors); agar i ≠ j to 0 hai (4.4 ka Note). Isliye A(\text{adj}\,A) = \begin{bmatrix} |A| & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & |A| & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & |A| \end{bmatrix} = |A|\,I.Same row's cofactors give |A|; a different row's give 0. That makes |A| I.
Proof idea. If A is invertible, AB = I for some B, so |A|\,|B| = |I| = 1 and therefore |A| \ne 0. Conversely, if |A| \ne 0, divide Theorem 1 by |A|: A\left(\dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A\right) = \left(\dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A\right)A = I, so B = \dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A is the inverse.उपपत्ति का विचार। यदि A व्युत्क्रमणीय है, तो किसी B के लिए AB = I, इसलिए |A|\,|B| = |I| = 1, अतः |A| \ne 0। विलोमतः, यदि |A| \ne 0, तो प्रमेय 1 को |A| से भाग दीजिए: A\left(\dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A\right) = \left(\dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A\right)A = I, इसलिए B = \dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A ही व्युत्क्रम है।Proof ka idea. Agar A invertible hai, to kisi B ke liye AB = I, isliye |A|\,|B| = |I| = 1, yaani |A| \ne 0. Ulta, agar |A| \ne 0, to Theorem 1 ko |A| se divide kijiye: A\left(\dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A\right) = \left(\dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A\right)A = I, isliye B = \dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A hi inverse hai.|A||B| = 1 forces |A| ≠ 0; and dividing A·adjA = |A|I by |A| gives the inverse.
Solution — step by step (6)हल — चरण दर चरण (6)Hal — step by step (6)
- Expand along R_1.R_1 के अनुदिश प्रसरण।R_1 ke along expand kiya.|A| = 1(16 - 9) - 3(4 - 3) + 3(3 - 4) = 7 - 3 - 3 = 1 \ne 0
- All nine cofactors, each with its sign from the chart.सभी नौ सहखंड, हर एक चिह्न सारणी के चिह्न के साथ।Saare nau cofactors, har ek sign chart ke sign ke saath.A_{11} = 7, A_{12} = -1, A_{13} = -1;\ A_{21} = -3, A_{22} = 1, A_{23} = 0;\ A_{31} = -3, A_{32} = 0, A_{33} = 1
- Transpose: cofactors of row 1 (7, −1, −1) become column 1.परिवर्त: पंक्ति 1 के सहखंड (7, −1, −1) स्तंभ 1 बनते हैं।Transpose: row 1 ke cofactors (7, −1, −1) column 1 bante hain.\text{adj}\,A = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & -3 & -3 \\ -1 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
- Row × column multiplication.पंक्ति × स्तंभ गुणन।Row × column multiplication.A(\text{adj}\,A) = \begin{bmatrix} 7 - 3 - 3 & -3 + 3 + 0 & -3 + 0 + 3 \\ 7 - 4 - 3 & -3 + 4 + 0 & -3 + 0 + 3 \\ 7 - 3 - 4 & -3 + 3 + 0 & -3 + 0 + 4 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
- Verified, since |A| = 1.सत्यापित, क्योंकि |A| = 1।Verified, kyunki |A| = 1.= (1)\,I = |A|\,I
- Theorem 4.प्रमेय 4।Theorem 4.A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{|A|}\text{adj}\,A = \dfrac{1}{1}\begin{bmatrix} 7 & -3 & -3 \\ -1 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
✔ A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & -3 & -3 \\ -1 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & -3 & -3 \\ -1 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & -3 & -3 \\ -1 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
Solution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- e.g. (1,1): 2(1) + 3(-1) = -1; (2,2): 1(-2) + (-4)(3) = -14.जैसे (1,1): 2(1) + 3(-1) = -1; (2,2): 1(-2) + (-4)(3) = -14।Jaise (1,1): 2(1) + 3(-1) = -1; (2,2): 1(-2) + (-4)(3) = -14.AB = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & -4 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -2 \\ -1 & 3 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 5 \\ 5 & -14 \end{bmatrix}
- 2 × 2 shortcut for adj(AB), then divide by −11.adj(AB) के लिए 2 × 2 का छोटा तरीका, फिर −11 से भाग।adj(AB) ke liye 2 × 2 shortcut, phir −11 se divide.|AB| = 14 - 25 = -11 \ne 0,\quad (AB)^{-1} = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} -14 & -5 \\ -5 & -1 \end{bmatrix} = \dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 14 & 5 \\ 5 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
- Both determinants are non-zero, so both inverses exist.दोनों सारणिक शून्येतर हैं, इसलिए दोनों व्युत्क्रम विद्यमान हैं।Dono determinants non-zero hain, isliye dono inverses exist karte hain.|A| = -11,\ |B| = 1;\quad A^{-1} = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} -4 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix},\ B^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
- Multiply in the order B^{-1} first, then A^{-1}.क्रम: पहले B^{-1}, फिर A^{-1}।Order: pehle B^{-1}, phir A^{-1}.B^{-1}A^{-1} = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} -4 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} -14 & -5 \\ -5 & -1 \end{bmatrix} = \dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 14 & 5 \\ 5 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
✔ (AB)^{-1} = B^{-1}A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 14 & 5 \\ 5 & 1 \end{bmatrix} — verified.(AB)^{-1} = B^{-1}A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 14 & 5 \\ 5 & 1 \end{bmatrix} — सत्यापित।(AB)^{-1} = B^{-1}A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 14 & 5 \\ 5 & 1 \end{bmatrix} — verified.
Solution — step by step (5)हल — चरण दर चरण (5)Hal — step by step (5)
- e.g. (1,1): 4 + 3 = 7, (1,2): 6 + 6 = 12.जैसे (1,1): 4 + 3 = 7, (1,2): 6 + 6 = 12।Jaise (1,1): 4 + 3 = 7, (1,2): 6 + 6 = 12.A^2 = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & 12 \\ 4 & 7 \end{bmatrix}
- So A satisfies the equation.अतः A समीकरण को संतुष्ट करता है।To A equation ko satisfy karta hai.A^2 - 4A + I = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & 12 \\ 4 & 7 \end{bmatrix} - \begin{bmatrix} 8 & 12 \\ 4 & 8 \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} = O
- From AA - 4A = -I, post-multiply by A^{-1} (it exists because |A| = 4 - 3 = 1 \ne 0).AA - 4A = -I से, दाईं ओर A^{-1} से गुणा कीजिए (यह विद्यमान है क्योंकि |A| = 4 - 3 = 1 \ne 0)।AA - 4A = -I se, right side se A^{-1} se multiply kijiye (ye exist karta hai kyunki |A| = 4 - 3 = 1 \ne 0).AA(A^{-1}) - 4AA^{-1} = -IA^{-1}
- AA^{-1} = I and IA^{-1} = A^{-1}.AA^{-1} = I और IA^{-1} = A^{-1}।AA^{-1} = I aur IA^{-1} = A^{-1}.AI - 4I = -A^{-1} \Rightarrow A^{-1} = 4I - A
- Subtract entry by entry.प्रविष्टि-दर-प्रविष्टि घटाइए।Entry by entry ghataiye.A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 0 \\ 0 & 4 \end{bmatrix} - \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
✔ A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}A^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
(Exercise 4.4, Q1) Find the adjoint of \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 1) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} का सहखंडज ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.4, Q1) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ 3 & 4 \end{bmatrix} ka adjoint nikaliye.
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\begin{bmatrix} 4 & -2 \\ -3 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 4 & -2 \\ -3 & 1 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 4 & -2 \\ -3 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
(Exercise 4.4, Q2) Find the adjoint of \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3 & 5 \\ -2 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 2) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3 & 5 \\ -2 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} का सहखंडज ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.4, Q2) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3 & 5 \\ -2 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} ka adjoint nikaliye.
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\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 & -11 \\ -12 & 5 & -1 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 & -11 \\ -12 & 5 & -1 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 & -11 \\ -12 & 5 & -1 \\ 6 & 2 & 5 \end{bmatrix}
(Exercise 4.4, Q5) Find the inverse of \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -2 \\ 4 & 3 \end{bmatrix} (if it exists).(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 5) \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -2 \\ 4 & 3 \end{bmatrix} का व्युत्क्रम ज्ञात कीजिए (यदि विद्यमान हो)।(Exercise 4.4, Q5) \begin{bmatrix} 2 & -2 \\ 4 & 3 \end{bmatrix} ka inverse nikaliye (agar exist kare).
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\dfrac{1}{14}\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ -4 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\dfrac{1}{14}\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ -4 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\dfrac{1}{14}\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ -4 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
(Exercise 4.4, Q7) Find the inverse of \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 2 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 5 \end{bmatrix}.(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 7) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 2 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 5 \end{bmatrix} का व्युत्क्रम ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.4, Q7) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 & 2 & 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 5 \end{bmatrix} ka inverse nikaliye.
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\dfrac{1}{10}\begin{bmatrix} 10 & -10 & 2 \\ 0 & 5 & -4 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\dfrac{1}{10}\begin{bmatrix} 10 & -10 & 2 \\ 0 & 5 & -4 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\dfrac{1}{10}\begin{bmatrix} 10 & -10 & 2 \\ 0 & 5 & -4 \\ 0 & 0 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
(Exercise 4.4, Q13) If A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}, show that A^2 - 5A + 7I = O. Hence find A^{-1}.(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 13) यदि A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}, तो दिखाइए कि A^2 - 5A + 7I = O। इससे A^{-1} ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.4, Q13) Agar A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 1 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}, to dikhaiye ki A^2 - 5A + 7I = O. Isse A^{-1} nikaliye.
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A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{7}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 \\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix}A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{7}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 \\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix}A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{7}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -1 \\ 1 & 3 \end{bmatrix}
(Exercise 4.4, Q14) For A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}, find numbers a and b such that A^2 + aA + bI = O.(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 14) A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} के लिए संख्याएँ a और b ज्ञात कीजिए ताकि A^2 + aA + bI = O।(Exercise 4.4, Q14) A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} ke liye numbers a aur b nikaliye taaki A^2 + aA + bI = O.
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a = -4,\ b = 1a = -4,\ b = 1a = -4,\ b = 1
(Exercise 4.4, Q17) Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 × 3. Then |\text{adj}\,A| is equal to (A) |A| (B) |A|^2 (C) |A|^3 (D) 3|A|(प्रश्नावली 4.4, प्र. 17) मान लीजिए A कोटि 3 × 3 का व्युत्क्रमणीय वर्ग आव्यूह है। तब |\text{adj}\,A| बराबर है (A) |A| (B) |A|^2 (C) |A|^3 (D) 3|A|(Exercise 4.4, Q17) Maan lijiye A order 3 × 3 ka non-singular square matrix hai. To |\text{adj}\,A| barabar hai (A) |A| (B) |A|^2 (C) |A|^3 (D) 3|A|
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(B) |A|^2(B) |A|^2(B) |A|^2
4.6Applications of Determinants and Matricesसारणिकों और आव्यूहों के अनुप्रयोगDeterminants aur matrices ke applications
Now we use determinants and matrices to solve a system of linear equations in two or three variables and to check its consistency.अब हम सारणिकों और आव्यूहों से दो या तीन चरों वाले रैखिक समीकरण निकाय को हल करेंगे और उसकी संगतता की जाँच करेंगे।Ab hum determinants aur matrices se 2 ya 3 variables wale linear equations ko solve karenge aur unki consistency check karenge.We use determinants and inverses to solve equations and to check if a solution exists.
Two lines: one solution, no solution, infinitely many solutionsदो रेखाएँ: एक हल, कोई हल नहीं, अनंत हलDo lines: ek solution, koi solution nahi, infinite solutionsNCERT 4.6 · 11 tappable partsOpenNote (NCERT): in this chapter we restrict ourselves to systems of linear equations having unique solutions only.ध्यान दीजिए (NCERT): इस अध्याय में हम केवल अद्वितीय हल वाले रैखिक समीकरण निकायों तक सीमित हैं।Note (NCERT): is chapter mein hum sirf unique solution wale linear equations tak seemit hain.In this chapter we only solve systems that have one unique solution.
4.6.1Solution of system of linear equations using inverse of a matrixआव्यूह के व्युत्क्रम द्वारा रैखिक समीकरण निकाय का हलMatrix ke inverse se linear equations ka solution
Write the system a_1x + b_1y + c_1z = d_1, a_2x + b_2y + c_2z = d_2, a_3x + b_3y + c_3z = d_3 as AX = B, where A = \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\ a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{bmatrix}, X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}, B = \begin{bmatrix} d_1 \\ d_2 \\ d_3 \end{bmatrix}.निकाय a_1x + b_1y + c_1z = d_1, a_2x + b_2y + c_2z = d_2, a_3x + b_3y + c_3z = d_3 को AX = B लिखिए, जहाँ A = \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\ a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{bmatrix}, X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}, B = \begin{bmatrix} d_1 \\ d_2 \\ d_3 \end{bmatrix}।System a_1x + b_1y + c_1z = d_1, a_2x + b_2y + c_2z = d_2, a_3x + b_3y + c_3z = d_3 ko AX = B likhiye, jahan A = \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & b_1 & c_1 \\ a_2 & b_2 & c_2 \\ a_3 & b_3 & c_3 \end{bmatrix}, X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}, B = \begin{bmatrix} d_1 \\ d_2 \\ d_3 \end{bmatrix}.Put the coefficients in A, the unknowns in X, the right-hand numbers in B: AX = B.
Solution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- Write the system as AX = B.निकाय को AX = B के रूप में लिखिए।System ko AX = B ke roop mein likhiye.A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 3 & 2 \end{bmatrix},\ X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \end{bmatrix},\ B = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 7 \end{bmatrix}
- A is non-singular, so there is a unique solution.A व्युत्क्रमणीय है, इसलिए अद्वितीय हल है।A non-singular hai, isliye unique solution hai.|A| = 4 - 15 = -11 \ne 0
- 2 × 2 shortcut: swap 2 and 2, change signs of 5 and 3; divide by |A| = -11.2 × 2 का छोटा तरीका: 2 और 2 की अदला-बदली, 5 और 3 के चिह्न बदलिए; |A| = -11 से भाग दीजिए।2 × 2 shortcut: 2 aur 2 swap, 5 aur 3 ke sign badaliye; |A| = -11 se divide kijiye.A^{-1} = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -5 \\ -3 & 2 \end{bmatrix}
- 2 - 35 = -33 and -3 + 14 = 11.2 - 35 = -33 और -3 + 14 = 11।2 - 35 = -33 aur -3 + 14 = 11.X = A^{-1}B = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} 2 & -5 \\ -3 & 2 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 7 \end{bmatrix} = -\dfrac{1}{11}\begin{bmatrix} -33 \\ 11 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 3 \\ -1 \end{bmatrix}
✔ x = 3,\ y = -1 (check: 2(3) + 5(-1) = 1 ✓, 3(3) + 2(-1) = 7 ✓)x = 3,\ y = -1 (जाँच: 2(3) + 5(-1) = 1 ✓, 3(3) + 2(-1) = 7 ✓)x = 3,\ y = -1 (check: 2(3) + 5(-1) = 1 ✓, 3(3) + 2(-1) = 7 ✓)
Solution — step by step (5)हल — चरण दर चरण (5)Hal — step by step (5)
- Coefficients row by row; constants in B.गुणांक पंक्ति-दर-पंक्ति; अचर B में।Coefficients row by row; constants B mein.A = \begin{bmatrix} 3 & -2 & 3 \\ 2 & 1 & -1 \\ 4 & -3 & 2 \end{bmatrix},\ B = \begin{bmatrix} 8 \\ 1 \\ 4 \end{bmatrix}
- Expand along R_1; the middle term is -(-2)(4 + 4) = +16.R_1 के अनुदिश प्रसरण; बीच का पद -(-2)(4 + 4) = +16 है।R_1 ke along expand; beech ka term -(-2)(4 + 4) = +16 hai.|A| = 3(2 - 3) + 2(4 + 4) + 3(-6 - 4) = -3 + 16 - 30 = -17 \ne 0
- All nine cofactors with signs.चिह्नों सहित सभी नौ सहखंड।Signs ke saath saare nau cofactors.A_{11} = -1, A_{12} = -8, A_{13} = -10;\ A_{21} = -5, A_{22} = -6, A_{23} = 1;\ A_{31} = -1, A_{32} = 9, A_{33} = 7
- adj A = transpose of the cofactor matrix, divided by |A| = -17.adj A = सहखंड आव्यूह का परिवर्त, |A| = -17 से भाग।adj A = cofactor matrix ka transpose, |A| = -17 se divide.A^{-1} = -\dfrac{1}{17}\begin{bmatrix} -1 & -5 & -1 \\ -8 & -6 & 9 \\ -10 & 1 & 7 \end{bmatrix}
- Multiply each row of adj A by B = (8, 1, 4).adj A की हर पंक्ति को B = (8, 1, 4) से गुणा कीजिए।adj A ki har row ko B = (8, 1, 4) se multiply kijiye.X = A^{-1}B = -\dfrac{1}{17}\begin{bmatrix} -8 - 5 - 4 \\ -64 - 6 + 36 \\ -80 + 1 + 28 \end{bmatrix} = -\dfrac{1}{17}\begin{bmatrix} -17 \\ -34 \\ -51 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}
✔ x = 1,\ y = 2,\ z = 3x = 1,\ y = 2,\ z = 3x = 1,\ y = 2,\ z = 3
Solution — step by step (5)हल — चरण दर चरण (5)Hal — step by step (5)
- Let the numbers be x, y, z. "x + z = 2y" is rewritten as x - 2y + z = 0.मान लीजिए संख्याएँ x, y, z हैं। "x + z = 2y" को x - 2y + z = 0 लिखा।Maan lijiye numbers x, y, z hain. "x + z = 2y" ko x - 2y + z = 0 likha.x + y + z = 6,\quad y + 3z = 11,\quad x - 2y + z = 0
- Missing x in the 2nd equation means coefficient 0.दूसरे समीकरण में x नहीं है, यानी गुणांक 0।Doosri equation mein x nahi hai, yaani coefficient 0.A = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 3 \\ 1 & -2 & 1 \end{bmatrix},\ B = \begin{bmatrix} 6 \\ 11 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix};\quad |A| = 1(1 + 6) - 1(0 - 3) + 1(0 - 1) = 9 \ne 0
- e.g. A_{12} = -(0 - 3) = 3, A_{23} = -(-2 - 1) = 3.जैसे A_{12} = -(0 - 3) = 3, A_{23} = -(-2 - 1) = 3।Jaise A_{12} = -(0 - 3) = 3, A_{23} = -(-2 - 1) = 3.A_{11} = 7, A_{12} = 3, A_{13} = -1;\ A_{21} = -3, A_{22} = 0, A_{23} = 3;\ A_{31} = 2, A_{32} = -3, A_{33} = 1
- Transpose the cofactors, divide by |A| = 9.सहखंडों का परिवर्त, |A| = 9 से भाग।Cofactors ka transpose, |A| = 9 se divide.\text{adj}\,A = \begin{bmatrix} 7 & -3 & 2 \\ 3 & 0 & -3 \\ -1 & 3 & 1 \end{bmatrix},\quad A^{-1} = \dfrac{1}{9}\,\text{adj}\,A
- X = A^{-1}B with B = (6, 11, 0).X = A^{-1}B, जहाँ B = (6, 11, 0)।X = A^{-1}B, jahan B = (6, 11, 0).X = \dfrac{1}{9}\begin{bmatrix} 42 - 33 + 0 \\ 18 + 0 + 0 \\ -6 + 33 + 0 \end{bmatrix} = \dfrac{1}{9}\begin{bmatrix} 9 \\ 18 \\ 27 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}
✔ The numbers are x = 1,\ y = 2,\ z = 3.संख्याएँ x = 1,\ y = 2,\ z = 3 हैं।Numbers x = 1,\ y = 2,\ z = 3 hain.
(Exercise 4.5, Q1) Examine the consistency of x + 2y = 2, 2x + 3y = 3.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 1) x + 2y = 2, 2x + 3y = 3 की संगतता की जाँच कीजिए।(Exercise 4.5, Q1) x + 2y = 2, 2x + 3y = 3 ki consistency check kijiye.
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Consistent (|A| = -1 \ne 0)संगत (|A| = -1 \ne 0)Consistent (|A| = -1 \ne 0)
(Exercise 4.5, Q5) Examine the consistency of 3x - y - 2z = 2, 2y - z = -1, 3x - 5y = 3.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 5) 3x - y - 2z = 2, 2y - z = -1, 3x - 5y = 3 की संगतता की जाँच कीजिए।(Exercise 4.5, Q5) 3x - y - 2z = 2, 2y - z = -1, 3x - 5y = 3 ki consistency check kijiye.
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Inconsistent (|A| = 0 and (\text{adj}\,A)B \ne O)असंगत (|A| = 0 और (\text{adj}\,A)B \ne O)Inconsistent (|A| = 0 aur (\text{adj}\,A)B \ne O)
(Exercise 4.5, Q7) Solve by matrix method: 5x + 2y = 4, 7x + 3y = 5.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 7) आव्यूह विधि से हल कीजिए: 5x + 2y = 4, 7x + 3y = 5।(Exercise 4.5, Q7) Matrix method se solve kijiye: 5x + 2y = 4, 7x + 3y = 5.
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x = 2,\ y = -3x = 2,\ y = -3x = 2,\ y = -3
(Exercise 4.5, Q8) Solve by matrix method: 2x - y = -2, 3x + 4y = 3.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 8) आव्यूह विधि से हल कीजिए: 2x - y = -2, 3x + 4y = 3।(Exercise 4.5, Q8) Matrix method se solve kijiye: 2x - y = -2, 3x + 4y = 3.
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x = \dfrac{-5}{11},\ y = \dfrac{12}{11}x = \dfrac{-5}{11},\ y = \dfrac{12}{11}x = \dfrac{-5}{11},\ y = \dfrac{12}{11}
(Exercise 4.5, Q11) Solve: 2x + y + z = 1, x - 2y - z = \dfrac{3}{2}, 3y - 5z = 9.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 11) हल कीजिए: 2x + y + z = 1, x - 2y - z = \dfrac{3}{2}, 3y - 5z = 9।(Exercise 4.5, Q11) Solve kijiye: 2x + y + z = 1, x - 2y - z = \dfrac{3}{2}, 3y - 5z = 9.
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x = 1,\ y = \dfrac{1}{2},\ z = -\dfrac{3}{2}x = 1,\ y = \dfrac{1}{2},\ z = -\dfrac{3}{2}x = 1,\ y = \dfrac{1}{2},\ z = -\dfrac{3}{2}
(Exercise 4.5, Q14) Solve: x - y + 2z = 7, 3x + 4y - 5z = -5, 2x - y + 3z = 12.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 14) हल कीजिए: x - y + 2z = 7, 3x + 4y - 5z = -5, 2x - y + 3z = 12।(Exercise 4.5, Q14) Solve kijiye: x - y + 2z = 7, 3x + 4y - 5z = -5, 2x - y + 3z = 12.
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x = 2,\ y = 1,\ z = 3x = 2,\ y = 1,\ z = 3x = 2,\ y = 1,\ z = 3
(Exercise 4.5, Q16) The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is ₹ 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat and 6 kg rice is ₹ 90. The cost of 6 kg onion, 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is ₹ 70. Find the cost of each item per kg by matrix method.(प्रश्नावली 4.5, प्र. 16) 4 kg प्याज़, 3 kg गेहूँ और 2 kg चावल का मूल्य ₹ 60 है। 2 kg प्याज़, 4 kg गेहूँ और 6 kg चावल का मूल्य ₹ 90 है। 6 kg प्याज़, 2 kg गेहूँ और 3 kg चावल का मूल्य ₹ 70 है। आव्यूह विधि से हर वस्तु का प्रति kg मूल्य ज्ञात कीजिए।(Exercise 4.5, Q16) 4 kg pyaaz, 3 kg gehun aur 2 kg chawal ki keemat ₹ 60 hai. 2 kg pyaaz, 4 kg gehun aur 6 kg chawal ki keemat ₹ 90 hai. 6 kg pyaaz, 2 kg gehun aur 3 kg chawal ki keemat ₹ 70 hai. Matrix method se har cheez ki per kg keemat nikaliye.
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Onion ₹ 5 per kg, wheat ₹ 8 per kg, rice ₹ 8 per kgप्याज़ ₹ 5 प्रति kg, गेहूँ ₹ 8 प्रति kg, चावल ₹ 8 प्रति kgPyaaz ₹ 5 per kg, gehun ₹ 8 per kg, chawal ₹ 8 per kg
Miscellaneous Examplesविविध उदाहरणMiscellaneous Examples
Solution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- Multiply row by column; the product is the identity matrix.पंक्ति × स्तंभ गुणा; गुणनफल तत्समक आव्यूह है।Row × column multiply; product identity matrix hai.\begin{bmatrix} -2 - 9 + 12 & 0 - 2 + 2 & 1 + 3 - 4 \\ 0 + 18 - 18 & 0 + 4 - 3 & 0 - 6 + 6 \\ -6 - 18 + 24 & 0 - 4 + 4 & 3 + 6 - 8 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}
- If AB = I, then B is the inverse of A.यदि AB = I, तो B, A का व्युत्क्रम है।Agar AB = I, to B, A ka inverse hai.\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & -3 \\ 3 & -2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} -2 & 0 & 1 \\ 9 & 2 & -3 \\ 6 & 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}
- The given system in matrix form AX = B — the same A as in the product.दिया गया निकाय आव्यूह रूप AX = B में — वही A जो गुणनफल में है।Diya gaya system matrix form AX = B mein — wahi A jo product mein hai.\begin{bmatrix} 1 & -1 & 2 \\ 0 & 2 & -3 \\ 3 & -2 & 4 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix}
- No need to find the inverse again — the product already gave it.व्युत्क्रम दोबारा निकालने की ज़रूरत नहीं — गुणनफल ने वह दे दिया।Inverse dobara nikaalne ki zaroorat nahi — product ne wo de diya.X = A^{-1}B = \begin{bmatrix} -2 & 0 & 1 \\ 9 & 2 & -3 \\ 6 & 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -2 + 0 + 2 \\ 9 + 2 - 6 \\ 6 + 1 - 4 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 5 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}
✔ x = 0,\ y = 5,\ z = 3x = 0,\ y = 5,\ z = 3x = 0,\ y = 5,\ z = 3
(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q2) Evaluate \begin{vmatrix} \cos\alpha\cos\beta & \cos\alpha\sin\beta & -\sin\alpha \\ -\sin\beta & \cos\beta & 0 \\ \sin\alpha\cos\beta & \sin\alpha\sin\beta & \cos\alpha \end{vmatrix}.(विविध प्रश्नावली, प्र. 2) \begin{vmatrix} \cos\alpha\cos\beta & \cos\alpha\sin\beta & -\sin\alpha \\ -\sin\beta & \cos\beta & 0 \\ \sin\alpha\cos\beta & \sin\alpha\sin\beta & \cos\alpha \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q2) \begin{vmatrix} \cos\alpha\cos\beta & \cos\alpha\sin\beta & -\sin\alpha \\ -\sin\beta & \cos\beta & 0 \\ \sin\alpha\cos\beta & \sin\alpha\sin\beta & \cos\alpha \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
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111
(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q6) Evaluate \begin{vmatrix} 1 & x & y \\ 1 & x + y & y \\ 1 & x & x + y \end{vmatrix}.(विविध प्रश्नावली, प्र. 6) \begin{vmatrix} 1 & x & y \\ 1 & x + y & y \\ 1 & x & x + y \end{vmatrix} का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q6) \begin{vmatrix} 1 & x & y \\ 1 & x + y & y \\ 1 & x & x + y \end{vmatrix} ki value nikaliye.
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xyxyxy
(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q7) Solve: \dfrac{2}{x} + \dfrac{3}{y} + \dfrac{10}{z} = 4, \dfrac{4}{x} - \dfrac{6}{y} + \dfrac{5}{z} = 1, \dfrac{6}{x} + \dfrac{9}{y} - \dfrac{20}{z} = 2.(विविध प्रश्नावली, प्र. 7) हल कीजिए: \dfrac{2}{x} + \dfrac{3}{y} + \dfrac{10}{z} = 4, \dfrac{4}{x} - \dfrac{6}{y} + \dfrac{5}{z} = 1, \dfrac{6}{x} + \dfrac{9}{y} - \dfrac{20}{z} = 2।(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q7) Solve kijiye: \dfrac{2}{x} + \dfrac{3}{y} + \dfrac{10}{z} = 4, \dfrac{4}{x} - \dfrac{6}{y} + \dfrac{5}{z} = 1, \dfrac{6}{x} + \dfrac{9}{y} - \dfrac{20}{z} = 2.
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x = 2,\ y = 3,\ z = 5 (put u = \frac{1}{x}, v = \frac{1}{y}, w = \frac{1}{z}; then u = \frac{1}{2}, v = \frac{1}{3}, w = \frac{1}{5})x = 2,\ y = 3,\ z = 5 (u = \frac{1}{x}, v = \frac{1}{y}, w = \frac{1}{z} रखिए; तब u = \frac{1}{2}, v = \frac{1}{3}, w = \frac{1}{5})x = 2,\ y = 3,\ z = 5 (u = \frac{1}{x}, v = \frac{1}{y}, w = \frac{1}{z} rakhiye; tab u = \frac{1}{2}, v = \frac{1}{3}, w = \frac{1}{5})
(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q8) If x, y, z are non-zero real numbers, then the inverse of A = \begin{bmatrix} x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z \end{bmatrix} is (A) \begin{bmatrix} x^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z^{-1} \end{bmatrix} (B) xyz\begin{bmatrix} x^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z^{-1} \end{bmatrix} (C) \dfrac{1}{xyz}\begin{bmatrix} x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z \end{bmatrix} (D) \dfrac{1}{xyz}I(विविध प्रश्नावली, प्र. 8) यदि x, y, z शून्येतर वास्तविक संख्याएँ हैं, तो A = \begin{bmatrix} x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z \end{bmatrix} का व्युत्क्रम है (A) \begin{bmatrix} x^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z^{-1} \end{bmatrix} (B) xyz\begin{bmatrix} x^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z^{-1} \end{bmatrix} (C) \dfrac{1}{xyz}\begin{bmatrix} x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z \end{bmatrix} (D) \dfrac{1}{xyz}I(Miscellaneous Exercise, Q8) Agar x, y, z non-zero real numbers hain, to A = \begin{bmatrix} x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z \end{bmatrix} ka inverse hai (A) \begin{bmatrix} x^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z^{-1} \end{bmatrix} (B) xyz\begin{bmatrix} x^{-1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z^{-1} \end{bmatrix} (C) \dfrac{1}{xyz}\begin{bmatrix} x & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & y & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & z \end{bmatrix} (D) \dfrac{1}{xyz}I
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(A)(A)(A)
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