Electron orbit in hydrogen: electric force gives the centripetal forceहाइड्रोजन में इलेक्ट्रॉन कक्षा: विद्युत बल ही अभिकेंद्र बल देता हैElectron orbit in hydrogen: electric force gives the centripetal force

NCERT §12.2.2 · Class 12 Physics · Chapter 12 · interactive diagram

Parts and what they mean

• Proton (nucleus of hydrogen) (प्रोटॉन (हाइड्रोजन का नाभिक)) — Charge +e; about 1840 times heavier than the electron, so it stays at the centre.
• Electron (इलेक्ट्रॉन) — Charge −e, mass 9.1 × 10⁻³¹ kg, moving in a circle of radius r.
• Electrostatic attraction F (स्थिरवैद्युत आकर्षण F) — Fₑ = e²/(4πε₀r²), always towards the proton — it supplies the centripetal force mv²/r.
• Velocity v (वेग v) — Along the tangent, perpendicular to the radius. From Fₑ = F꜀: r = e²/(4πε₀mv²).
• Orbit radius r (कक्षा त्रिज्या r) — Distance of the electron from the proton.
• Circular orbit (वृत्तीय कक्षा) — Classical (Rutherford) picture: a dynamically stable orbit.
• Energies of the electron (इलेक्ट्रॉन की ऊर्जाएँ) — K = +e²/8πε₀r, U = −e²/4πε₀r, so total E = −e²/8πε₀r. Negative E means the electron is bound.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT §12.2.2. Report a mistake