Miller's experiment (1953)मिलर का प्रयोग (1953)
NCERT Fig 6.1 · Class 12 Biology · Chapter 6 · interactive diagram
Parts and their functions
- Large closed flask (बड़ा बंद फ्लास्क) — A closed glass flask with the gases of the early earth — no free oxygen (reducing atmosphere).
- CH₄, NH₃, H₂ and water vapour (CH₄, NH₃, H₂ और जलवाष्प) — Methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water vapour at 800 °C — like the early earth (NCERT).
- Electrodes (इलेक्ट्रोड) — Two metal electrodes that make sparks inside the flask.
- Electric discharge (spark) (विद्युत विसर्जन (स्पार्क)) — Copies the lightning of early earth; gives energy to join simple molecules into bigger organic ones.
- Condenser (संघनित्र (कंडेंसर)) — Cools the hot gases so that water and the new compounds condense into drops — like rain.
- Cold water (in and out) (ठंडा पानी (अंदर-बाहर)) — Cold water flows through the jacket of the condenser to cool it.
- Trap (U-tube) (ट्रैप (U-नली)) — The condensed liquid collects here and can be taken out for testing.
- Amino acids formed (बने हुए अमीनो अम्ल) — After the run, amino acids were found in the liquid — organic molecules made from inorganic gases (chemical evolution).
- Boiling water flask (उबलते पानी का फ्लास्क) — Like the early ocean; boiling sends water vapour up into the big flask.
- Heat source (ऊष्मा स्रोत) — Heats the water flask (high temperature of early earth).
Steps
- 1 · The set-up: a closed flask with CH₄, NH₃, H₂ and water vapour.
- 2 · Water is boiled; vapour rises into the big flask.
- 3 · Electric discharge (sparks) passes through the gases at 800 °C.
- 4 · The condenser cools the gases into droplets.
- 5 · Amino acids are found in the liquid collected in the trap.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 6.1. Report a mistake