Where contraceptives and ART actगर्भनिरोधक और ART कहाँ काम करते हैं

NCERT Figs 3.1–3.4 · Class 12 Biology · Chapter 3 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Ovary (अंडाशय) — Releases the ovum. Pills, injectables and implants (progestogens ± estrogen) inhibit ovulation.
• Fallopian tube (फैलोपियन नलिका (अंडवाहिनी)) — Fertilisation normally happens in its ampulla. Tubectomy cuts or ties it; ZIFT and GIFT place a zygote or ovum into it.
• Uterus (गर्भाशय) — IUDs are inserted here by doctors or trained nurses; in IUT an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is placed here.
• Cervix (गर्भाशय ग्रीवा) — Opening of the uterus into the vagina. Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults cover it; pills and hormone IUDs make it hostile to sperms.
• Vagina (योनि) — The female condom covers the vagina and cervix; IUDs are inserted through it.
• Diaphragm / cervical cap / vault (डायाफ्राम / सर्वाइकल कैप / वॉल्ट) — Reusable rubber barriers that cover the cervix during coitus and block sperm entry; used with spermicidal creams, jellies or foams.
• IUD (Copper T) (IUD (कॉपर-T)) — Copper-releasing IUD (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375). IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms; Cu ions suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity.
• Tubectomy (डिंबवाहिनी-उच्छेदन (ट्यूबेक्टोमी)) — Female sterilisation: a small part of the fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or through the vagina. Highly effective, very poor reversibility.
• Testis (वृषण) — Makes sperms. Vasectomy does not stop sperm formation — it blocks their transport.
• Vas deferens (शुक्रवाहक) — Duct that carries sperms from the epididymis towards the urethra.
• Vasectomy (शुक्रवाहक-उच्छेदन (वेसेक्टोमी)) — Male sterilisation: a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
• ZIFT (ZIFT (युग्मनज अंतः डिंबवाहिनी स्थानांतरण)) — Zygote intra fallopian transfer: after IVF, the zygote or early embryo (up to 8 blastomeres) is transferred into the fallopian tube.
• GIFT (GIFT (युग्मक अंतः डिंबवाहिनी स्थानांतरण)) — Gamete intra fallopian transfer: an ovum from a donor is transferred into the fallopian tube of a female who cannot produce one but can support fertilisation and development.
• IUT (IUT (अंतः गर्भाशयी स्थानांतरण)) — Intra uterine transfer: an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus.
• IUI (artificial insemination) (IUI (कृत्रिम वीर्यसेचन)) — Semen from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the uterus (or the vagina) — for low sperm count or inability to inseminate.

Steps

1. 1 · Barrier: cap / diaphragm covers the cervix.
2. 2 · IUD (e.g. Copper T) inside the uterus.
3. 3 · Sterilisation: tubectomy and vasectomy.
4. 4 · ART: ZIFT, GIFT, IUT and IUI.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Figs 3.1–3.4. Report a mistake