Reactions of haloalkanes at a glance (incl. NCERT Table 6.4)हैलोऐल्केनों की अभिक्रियाएँ एक नज़र में (NCERT सारणी 6.4 सहित)Reactions of haloalkanes at a glance (incl. NCERT Table 6.4)
NCERT Table 6.4 · Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 6 · interactive diagram
Parts and what they mean
- Nucleophilic substitution (नाभिकरागी प्रतिस्थापन) — The nucleophile replaces the halogen, which leaves as X⁻ (leaving group).
- Aqueous NaOH/KOH → alcohol (जलीय NaOH/KOH → ऐल्कोहॉल) — HO⁻ is the nucleophile. (Water also gives ROH.)
- Sodium alkoxide → ether (सोडियम ऐल्कॉक्साइड → ईथर) — R′O⁻ is the nucleophile.
- NaI → alkyl iodide (NaI → ऐल्किल आयोडाइड) — I⁻ is the nucleophile (Finkelstein reaction in dry acetone).
- NH₃ → primary amine (NH₃ → प्राथमिक ऐमीन) — R′NH₂ gives a secondary amine RNHR′; R′R″NH gives a tertiary amine RNR′R″ (Table 6.4).
- KCN → alkyl cyanide (nitrile), main product (KCN → ऐल्किल सायनाइड (नाइट्राइल), मुख्य उत्पाद) — KCN is ionic and gives free CN⁻; attack mainly through C, since a C–C bond is more stable than a C–N bond (NCERT Example 6.5).
- AgCN → isocyanide (isonitrile), chief product (AgCN → आइसोसायनाइड (आइसोनाइट्राइल), मुख्य उत्पाद) — AgCN is mainly covalent: the C end is bonded to Ag, so the free N lone pair attacks.
- KNO₂ → alkyl nitrite (KNO₂ → ऐल्किल नाइट्राइट) — Nitrite ion links through O.
- AgNO₂ → nitroalkane (AgNO₂ → नाइट्रोऐल्केन) — Nitrite links through N. CN⁻ and NO₂⁻ are ambident nucleophiles (two nucleophilic centres).
- Silver carboxylate → ester (सिल्वर कार्बॉक्सिलेट → एस्टर) — R′COO⁻ is the nucleophile.
- LiAlH₄ → hydrocarbon (LiAlH₄ → हाइड्रोकार्बन) — Hydride ion H⁻ replaces X. (R′⁻M⁺ gives alkane RR′.)
- Elimination → alkene (विलोपन → ऐल्कीन) — Alcoholic KOH removes β-H and X (Saytzeff rule decides the major alkene).
- Grignard reagent RMgX (ग्रीन्यार अभिकर्मक RMgX) — Made in dry ether; C–Mg bond covalent but highly polar (C δ−), Mg–X essentially ionic. Reacts with any proton source: RMgX + H₂O → RH + Mg(OH)X.
- Wurtz reaction (वुर्ट्ज़ अभिक्रिया) — Alkyl halide + Na in dry ether → hydrocarbon with double the number of carbons: 2RX + 2Na → R–R + 2NaX.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Table 6.4. Report a mistake