Electrophilic substitution of chlorobenzeneक्लोरोबेन्ज़ीन का इलेक्ट्रॉनरागी प्रतिस्थापनElectrophilic substitution of chlorobenzene

Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 6 · interactive diagram

Parts and what they mean

• o,p-directing but deactivating (o,p-निर्देशक पर निष्क्रियक) — Resonance raises electron density at ortho and para (orientation); the stronger −I effect slightly deactivates the ring (rate). So reactions are slower than for benzene.
• Halogenation (हैलोजनीकरण) — Cl₂ / anhydrous FeCl₃ → 1,2-dichlorobenzene (minor) + 1,4-dichlorobenzene (major).
• Nitration (नाइट्रोकरण) — conc. HNO₃ + conc. H₂SO₄, heat → 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene (minor) + 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (major).
• Sulphonation (सल्फ़ोनीकरण) — conc. H₂SO₄, heat → 2-chlorobenzenesulphonic acid (minor) + 4-chlorobenzenesulphonic acid (major).
• Friedel–Crafts alkylation (फ़्रीडेल–क्राफ़्ट्स ऐल्किलन) — CH₃Cl / anhydrous AlCl₃ → 1-chloro-2-methylbenzene (minor) + 1-chloro-4-methylbenzene (major).
• Friedel–Crafts acylation (फ़्रीडेल–क्राफ़्ट्स ऐसिलन) — CH₃COCl / anhydrous AlCl₃ → 2-chloroacetophenone (minor) + 4-chloroacetophenone (major).

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake