Preparation of alcohols by reduction of carbonyl compounds, acids and estersकार्बोनिल यौगिकों, अम्लों और एस्टरों के अपचयन से ऐल्कोहॉलPreparation of alcohols by reduction of carbonyl compounds, acids and esters

Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 7 · interactive diagram

Parts and what they mean

• Aldehyde → primary alcohol (ऐल्डिहाइड → प्राथमिक ऐल्कोहॉल) — Catalytic hydrogenation (finely divided Pt, Pd or Ni) or NaBH₄ / LiAlH₄.
• Ketone → secondary alcohol (कीटोन → द्वितीयक ऐल्कोहॉल) — Same reagents; the C=O carbon already has two R groups, so a 2° alcohol forms.
• Carboxylic acid → primary alcohol by LiAlH₄ (कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल → LiAlH₄ से प्राथमिक ऐल्कोहॉल) — LiAlH₄ is a strong reducing agent giving excellent yields, but it is expensive — used for special chemicals only.
• Ester → primary alcohol (catalytic hydrogenation) (एस्टर → प्राथमिक ऐल्कोहॉल (उत्प्रेरकीय हाइड्रोजनन)) — Commercially, acids are first converted to esters, which are then reduced with H₂ and a catalyst.
• Esterification (acid + alcohol, H⁺) (एस्टरीकरण (अम्ल + ऐल्कोहॉल, H⁺)) — Reversible; covered in Section 7.4.4.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake