Nitration of phenol; o- vs p-nitrophenolफ़ीनॉल का नाइट्रोकरण; o- बनाम p-नाइट्रोफ़ीनॉलNitration of phenol; o- vs p-nitrophenol
Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 7 · interactive diagram
Parts and what they mean
- Phenol: –OH activates the ring (o/p-directing) (फ़ीनॉल: –OH वलय को सक्रियित करता है (o/p-निर्देशक)) — Ring is so activated that dilute HNO₃ at 298 K is enough.
- Dilute nitric acid at 298 K (298 K पर तनु नाइट्रिक अम्ल) — Gives a mixture of ortho- and para-nitrophenols.
- o-Nitrophenol (o-नाइट्रोफ़ीनॉल) — Steam volatile due to intramolecular H-bonding.
- p-Nitrophenol (p-नाइट्रोफ़ीनॉल) — Less volatile: intermolecular H-bonding associates its molecules.
- Intramolecular hydrogen bond in o-nitrophenol (o-नाइट्रोफ़ीनॉल में अंतःअणुक हाइड्रोजन बंध) — O–H of the same molecule bonds to the nitro O: a closed ring, no association with neighbours.
- Intermolecular hydrogen bonds in p-nitrophenol (p-नाइट्रोफ़ीनॉल में अंतराअणुक हाइड्रोजन बंध) — O–H of one molecule bonds to the nitro O of another: molecules associate.
- Picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) via phenol-2,4-disulphonic acid (फ़ीनॉल-2,4-डाइसल्फ़ोनिक अम्ल द्वारा पिक्रिक अम्ल (2,4,6-ट्राइनाइट्रोफ़ीनॉल)) — Phenol is first treated with conc. H₂SO₄, then with conc. HNO₃. Picric acid is a strong acid because of three electron-withdrawing –NO₂ groups.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake