Nitration of aniline: why 47% meta productऐनिलीन का नाइट्रोकरण: 47% मेटा उत्पाद क्योंNitration of aniline: why 47% meta product
Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 9 · interactive diagram
Parts and what they mean
- Aniline (ऐनिलीन) — Expected o/p substitution — but the strongly acidic mixture changes things.
- Nitrating mixture, 288 K (नाइट्रोकारी मिश्रण, 288 K) — Conc. HNO₃ + conc. H₂SO₄ at 288 K (NCERT).
- p-Nitroaniline — 51% (p-नाइट्रोऐनिलीन — 51%) — NCERT value for direct nitration.
- m-Nitroaniline — 47% (m-नाइट्रोऐनिलीन — 47%) — Large meta share because much aniline is protonated to the meta-directing anilinium ion.
- o-Nitroaniline — 2% (o-नाइट्रोऐनिलीन — 2%) — NCERT value.
- Anilinium ion is meta-directing (ऐनिलीनियम आयन मेटा-निर्देशक है) — In the strongly acidic medium aniline is protonated; besides o/p products a significant amount of meta derivative forms. Direct nitration also gives tarry oxidation products.
- Controlled nitration via acetanilide (ऐसीटैनिलाइड द्वारा नियंत्रित नाइट्रोकरण) — Acetylation with acetic anhydride → nitration (HNO₃, H₂SO₄, 288 K) → hydrolysis (OH⁻ or H⁺) gives the p-nitro derivative as the major product.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake