Preparation of carboxylic acidsकार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल बनाने की विधियाँPreparation of carboxylic acids
Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 8 · interactive diagram
Parts and what they mean
- Primary alcohol (प्राथमिक ऐल्कोहॉल) — KMnO₄ (neutral, acidic or alkaline) or K₂Cr₂O₇/CrO₃ in acid oxidise it to the acid.
- Carboxylic acid (कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल) — RCOOH — the target of every route on this card.
- Decan-1-ol (डेकेन-1-ऑल) — Oxidised by chromium trioxide in aqueous H₂SO₄ (Jones reagent).
- Decanoic acid (डेकेनॉइक अम्ल) — Same number of carbon atoms as the alcohol.
- Alkylbenzene (e.g. toluene) (ऐल्किलबेंज़ीन (जैसे टॉलूईन)) — Primary and secondary alkyl groups are oxidised to –COOH whatever their length; a tertiary group is not affected.
- Potassium benzoate (पोटैशियम बेंज़ोएट) — Formed in alkaline KMnO₄; acidification gives the free acid.
- Benzoic acid (बेंज़ोइक अम्ल) — Aromatic acid from vigorous oxidation (chromic acid or KMnO₄).
- Nitrile (नाइट्राइल) — Hydrolysed via the amide; H⁺ or OH⁻ catalyses it.
- Amide (mild conditions stop here) (ऐमाइड (मृदु परिस्थितियों में यहीं रुकता है)) — Further hydrolysis gives the acid.
- Grignard reagent + carbon dioxide (ग्रिन्यार अभिकर्मक + कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड) — R⁻ attacks the carbon of CO₂.
- Magnesium salt of the acid (अम्ल का मैग्नीशियम लवण) — Acidification with mineral acid gives RCOOH. Routes 3 and 4 add one carbon to an alkyl halide (ascending the series).
- Acid chloride + water (अम्ल क्लोराइड + जल) — Hydrolysed by water, more readily by aqueous base (then acidify).
- Hydrogen chloride (हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड) — By-product.
- Anhydride hydrolysis (ऐनहाइड्राइड जल-अपघटन) — Anhydrides give the corresponding acid(s) with water.
- Ester (एस्टर) — Acidic hydrolysis gives the acid directly.
- Alcohol released (मुक्त ऐल्कोहॉल) — The –OR′ part leaves as R′OH.
- Basic hydrolysis (saponification) (क्षारीय जल-अपघटन (साबुनीकरण)) — Gives the carboxylate, which on acidification gives the acid.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake