The carbonyl family — general formulasकार्बोनिल परिवार — सामान्य सूत्रThe carbonyl family — general formulas
Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 8 · interactive diagram
Parts and what they mean
- Aldehyde: C=O bonded to H and to C (or H) (ऐल्डिहाइड: C=O, H से और C (या H) से जुड़ा) — General formula RCHO. In methanal (HCHO) the carbonyl carbon carries two H atoms.
- Ketone: C=O bonded to two carbon atoms (कीटोन: C=O दो कार्बन परमाणुओं से जुड़ा) — General formula RCOR′; R and R′ may be alkyl or aryl, same or different.
- Carboxylic acid: C=O bonded to C (or H) and to –OH (कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल: C=O, C (या H) से और –OH से जुड़ा) — Carboxyl group –COOH = carbonyl + hydroxyl. Formic acid HCOOH has H in place of R.
- Amide: C=O bonded to C (or H) and –NH₂ (ऐमाइड: C=O, C (या H) से और –NH₂ से जुड़ा) — RCONH₂ — formed, e.g., by heating the ammonium salt of a carboxylic acid.
- Acyl halide: C=O bonded to C (or H) and a halogen (ऐसिल हैलाइड: C=O, C (या H) से और हैलोजन से जुड़ा) — RCOX (X = Cl, Br …), e.g. acetyl chloride CH₃COCl.
- Ester: a derivative of a carboxylic acid (एस्टर: कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल का व्युत्पन्न) — RCOOR′ — the –OH of the acid is replaced by –OR′ (esterification).
- Anhydride: a derivative of a carboxylic acid (ऐनहाइड्राइड: कार्बोक्सिलिक अम्ल का व्युत्पन्न) — (RCO)₂O — two acyl groups joined through one O; formed from acids with P₂O₅ or H₂SO₄ on heating.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake