Nucleophilic addition: HCN, NaHSO₃ and alcoholsनाभिकस्नेही योगज: HCN, NaHSO₃ और ऐल्कोहॉलNucleophilic addition: HCN, NaHSO₃ and alcohols
Class 12 Chemistry · Chapter 8 · interactive diagram
Parts and what they mean
- HCN + base (HCN + क्षारक) — Pure HCN reacts very slowly, so a base is used to generate cyanide ion.
- Cyanide ion — the real nucleophile (सायनाइड आयन — वास्तविक नाभिकस्नेही) — A stronger nucleophile than HCN; it readily adds to the carbonyl carbon.
- Aldehyde or ketone (ऐल्डिहाइड या कीटोन) — R may be H for aldehydes.
- Tetrahedral intermediate (alkoxide) (चतुष्फलकीय मध्यवर्ती (ऐल्कॉक्साइड)) — It picks up H⁺ (from HCN or water).
- Cyanohydrin (सायनोहाइड्रिन) — Has –OH and –CN on the same carbon; a useful synthetic intermediate.
- Sodium hydrogensulphite (सोडियम हाइड्रोजनसल्फ़ाइट) — Adds to aldehydes and ketones.
- Hydrogensulphite addition compound (हाइड्रोजनसल्फ़ाइट योगज यौगिक) — Equilibrium lies to the right for most aldehydes and to the left for most ketones (steric reasons). Used to separate and purify aldehydes.
- Aldehyde (ऐल्डिहाइड) — Dry HCl protonates the carbonyl O, making the carbon more electrophilic.
- Hemiacetal (alkoxyalcohol) (हेमीऐसीटैल (ऐल्कॉक्सीऐल्कोहॉल)) — Formed with one equivalent of a monohydric alcohol.
- Acetal (gem-dialkoxy compound) (ऐसीटैल (जेम-डाइऐल्कॉक्सी यौगिक)) — Two –OR′ groups on the same carbon.
- Ketone (कीटोन) — Ketones react with ethylene glycol under similar conditions.
- Ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) (एथिलीन ग्लाइकॉल (एथेन-1,2-डाइऑल)) — Both –OH groups add to the same carbonyl carbon.
- Ethylene glycol ketal (cyclic) (एथिलीन ग्लाइकॉल कीटैल (चक्रीय)) — A five-membered ring containing two O atoms.
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on the NCERT textbook. Report a mistake