Symbols used in human pedigree analysisमानव वंशावली विश्लेषण में प्रयुक्त प्रतीक
NCERT Fig 4.13 (symbols) · Class 12 Biology · Chapter 4 · interactive diagram
📖 Read Ch 4 with this diagramइस डायग्राम के साथ अध्याय 4 पढ़ेंIs diagram ke saath Ch 4 padhiyeAll diagramsसभी डायग्रामSaare diagrams
Parts and their functions
- Male (नर) — A square = male.
- Female (मादा) — A circle = female.
- Sex unspecified (लिंग अनिर्दिष्ट) — A diamond = sex not specified.
- Affected individuals (प्रभावित व्यक्ति) — A shaded (filled) symbol = person showing the trait/disease.
- Mating (संगम (विवाह)) — A horizontal line joining a male and a female.
- Consanguineous mating (सगोत्र संगम) — Double line = mating between relatives. It raises the chance of recessive disorders showing up.
- Parents and children (माता-पिता और संतानें) — Parents above, children below on a line, in order of birth — first child on the left.
- Five unaffected offspring (पाँच अप्रभावित संतानें) — A number inside the diamond = that many unaffected offspring (sex not shown).
- Parents with an affected son (प्रभावित पुत्र वाले माता-पिता) — Unaffected parents with a male child affected by the disease (shaded square).
Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 4.13 (symbols). Report a mistake