In situ and ex situ conservationस्वस्थाने व बहिःस्थाने संरक्षण

NCERT Section 13.2.2 · Class 12 Biology · Chapter 13 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Conservation of biodiversity (जैव विविधता संरक्षण) — Two approaches: protect the whole ecosystem where it is (in situ) or protect threatened species away from it (ex situ).
• In situ (on site) conservation (स्वस्थाने संरक्षण) — Protecting the whole ecosystem protects biodiversity at all levels — we save the entire forest to save the tiger.
• Ex situ (off site) conservation (बहिःस्थाने संरक्षण) — For endangered or threatened organisms (very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future): they are taken out of their habitat and given special care.
• Biodiversity hotspots (जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट) — Regions with very high species richness and high endemism (species found nowhere else). 25 identified first, 9 added → 34. Also regions of accelerated habitat loss. Together <2% of Earth’s land; strict protection could reduce ongoing mass extinctions by almost 30%.
• Biosphere reserves — India: 14 (जीवमंडल आरक्षित क्षेत्र — भारत: 14) — Legally protected, ecologically unique, biodiversity-rich regions.
• National parks — India: 90 (राष्ट्रीय उद्यान — भारत: 90) — Legally protected areas.
• Wildlife sanctuaries — India: 448 (वन्यजीव अभयारण्य — भारत: 448) — Legally protected areas.
• Sacred groves (पवित्र उपवन) — Forest tracts set aside by tradition; all trees and wildlife venerated and fully protected. Found in Khasi & Jaintia Hills (Meghalaya), Aravalli Hills (Rajasthan), Western Ghat regions of Karnataka & Maharashtra, and Sarguja, Chanda & Bastar areas (Madhya Pradesh). In Meghalaya they are the last refuges of many rare and threatened plants.
• Zoological parks (प्राणि उद्यान) — Many animals extinct in the wild are still maintained in zoos.
• Botanical gardens (वानस्पतिक उद्यान) — Threatened plants grown and cared for outside their habitat.
• Wildlife safari parks (वन्यजीव सफ़ारी पार्क) — Special settings where threatened animals are protected.
• Cryopreservation (निम्नताप परिरक्षण) — Gametes of threatened species kept viable and fertile for long periods.
• In vitro fertilisation (पात्रे निषेचन) — Eggs can be fertilised outside the body.
• Tissue culture (ऊतक संवर्धन) — Plants can be propagated by tissue culture methods.
• Seed banks (बीज बैंक) — Seeds of different genetic strains of commercially important plants stored for long periods.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Section 13.2.2. Report a mistake