Journey of atomic modelsपरमाणु मॉडलों के विकास की यात्रा

NCERT Fig 8.16 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Dalton (1808): indivisible atom (डाल्टन (1808): अविभाज्य परमाणु) — First scientific atomic theory: matter is made of indivisible atoms.
• Thomson: plum pudding (टॉमसन: प्लम पुडिंग) — After discovering the electron (1897): electrons spread in a sphere of positive charge.
• Rutherford (1911): nuclear model (रदरफोर्ड (1911): नाभिकीय मॉडल) — Tiny dense positive nucleus; electrons revolve around it; atom mostly empty.
• Bohr (1913): energy levels (बोर (1913): ऊर्जा स्तर) — Electrons in fixed shells do not lose energy — explains stability.
• Modern: quantum mechanical model (आधुनिक: क्वांटम यांत्रिक मॉडल) — Electrons exist as “electron clouds”; we can only predict where they are most likely to be. (Higher classes.)

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 8.16. Report a mistake