The five spheres of the Earthपृथ्वी के पाँच मंडल

NCERT Fig 13.1 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Atmosphere (वायुमंडल) — The blanket of air (78% N₂, 21% O₂, Ar, CO₂, water vapour) held by gravity; weather happens in its lowest layer.
• Cryosphere (हिममंडल) — All frozen water — Himalayan glaciers, snow cover, polar ice caps, sea ice. High albedo keeps it cold; it feeds rivers when it melts.
• Hydrosphere (जलमंडल) — Liquid water — oceans, rivers (Ganga–Brahmaputra), lakes, groundwater.
• Biosphere (जैवमंडल) — All living things and their habitats — forests, mangroves, crops, plankton, coral reefs.
• Geosphere (भूमंडल) — Solid Earth — rocks, soil, landforms like the Deccan plateau, and the hot interior.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 13.1. Report a mistake