The five groups of Kingdom Plantaeपादप जगत के पाँच वर्ग

NCERT Sec 12.6.4 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Thallophyta (algae) (थैलोफाइटा (शैवाल)) — Simplest; undivided body (thallus) in water or moist places; exchange gases and nutrients directly. e.g. Spirogyra.
• Bryophyta — “amphibians of the plant kingdom” (ब्रायोफाइटा — “पादप जगत के उभयचर”) — Moss, Marchantia. Rhizoids, simple stem- and leaf-like parts; no vascular tissue; need water for reproduction.
• Pteridophyta (टेरिडोफाइटा) — Ferns. True roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue (xylem, phloem); still need water for reproduction; no seeds.
• Gymnosperms (naked seeds) (अनावृतबीजी (नग्न बीज)) — Pine, cycad. Needle/scale leaves cut water loss; fertilisation without water; seeds exposed on cones, not in fruits.
• Angiosperms (flowering plants) (आवृतबीजी (पुष्पी पादप)) — Flowers attract pollinators; seeds inside fruits are spread widely; most diverse plant group. Monocots and dicots.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Sec 12.6.4. Report a mistake