Carnot cycleकार्नो चक्र

NCERT Fig 11.9 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• 1 → 2: isothermal expansion at T₁ (1 → 2: T₁ पर समतापीय प्रसार) — Gas absorbs Q₁ = μRT₁ ln(V₂/V₁) from the hot reservoir.
• 2 → 3: adiabatic expansion (2 → 3: रुद्धोष्म प्रसार) — Temperature falls from T₁ to T₂; W = μR(T₁ − T₂)/(γ − 1).
• 3 → 4: isothermal compression at T₂ (3 → 4: T₂ पर समतापीय संपीडन) — Gas releases Q₂ = μRT₂ ln(V₃/V₄) to the cold reservoir.
• 4 → 1: adiabatic compression (4 → 1: रुद्धोष्म संपीडन) — Temperature rises back from T₂ to T₁; the gas returns to its initial state.
• Net work W = Q₁ − Q₂ (कुल कार्य W = Q₁ − Q₂) — Equals the area enclosed by the cycle; ΔU = 0 for a full cycle.
• Efficiency η = 1 − T₂/T₁ (दक्षता η = 1 − T₂/T₁) — Depends only on the reservoir temperatures; no engine between T₁ and T₂ can do better (Carnot’s theorem).

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 11.9. Report a mistake