σ (head-on) and π (sideways) overlapσ (सीधा) और π (पार्श्व) अतिव्यापन

NCERT Fig 4.10 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• s–s overlap (σ) (s–s अतिव्यापन (σ)) — Two half-filled s orbitals overlap along the axis — as in H₂.
• s–p overlap (σ) (s–p अतिव्यापन (σ)) — s of one atom meets a p lobe of the other head-on — as in HF/HCl.
• p–p head-on overlap (σ) (p–p सीधा अतिव्यापन (σ)) — Two p orbitals along the internuclear axis — as in F₂, Cl₂.
• Sideways overlap (π) (पार्श्व अतिव्यापन (π)) — Parallel p orbitals overlap above and below the axis. Smaller overlap → π is weaker than σ. Found in double and triple bonds (always beside a σ bond).

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 4.10. Report a mistake