Classification of matterद्रव्य का वर्गीकरण

NCERT Fig 1.2 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Matter (द्रव्य) — Anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be classified by physical state (solid, liquid, gas) or by chemical composition.
• Mixture (मिश्रण) — Two or more substances present in any ratio; each keeps its own properties. Can be separated by physical methods (filtration, crystallisation, distillation).
• Pure substance (शुद्ध पदार्थ) — Fixed composition. Its constituents cannot be separated by simple physical methods.
• Homogeneous mixture (समांगी मिश्रण) — Components mix completely; composition is uniform throughout, e.g. sugar solution, air.
• Heterogeneous mixture (विषमांगी मिश्रण) — Composition is not uniform; different components can sometimes be seen, e.g. salt + sugar, grains + pulses with dirt.
• Element (तत्व) — Consists of only one type of particle — atoms or molecules of the same kind, e.g. Na, Cu, Ag (atoms); H₂, N₂, O₂ (molecules).
• Compound (यौगिक) — Atoms of different elements combined in a fixed ratio, e.g. H₂O, CO₂, NH₃, CH₄. Properties differ from its elements; separated into elements only by chemical methods.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 1.2. Report a mistake