sp, sp² and sp³ hybrid orbitalssp, sp² और sp³ संकर कक्षक

NCERT Fig 4.11–4.12 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• sp: one s + one p (sp: एक s + एक p) — Two equivalent hybrids at 180°, 50% s character. Remaining two p orbitals can form π bonds (C≡C in ethyne).
• sp²: one s + two p (sp²: एक s + दो p) — Three hybrids in a plane at 120°, 33.3% s. The unhybridised p forms the π bond of C=C in ethene.
• sp³: one s + three p (sp³: एक s + तीन p) — Four hybrids to tetrahedron corners at 109.5°, 25% s. In NH₃ and H₂O some hybrids hold lone pairs, so angles shrink.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 4.11–4.12. Report a mistake