Hybridisation of carbon: sp³, sp², spकार्बन का संकरण: sp³, sp², sp

NCERT Sec 8.2 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• sp³ carbon (sp³ कार्बन) — One s and three p orbitals mix: four equal sp³ orbitals pointing to the corners of a tetrahedron (109.5°). Every bond is a σ bond — alkanes, CH₃ groups.
• sp² carbon (sp² कार्बन) — Three sp² orbitals in a plane at 120°; the unhybridised p orbital overlaps sideways to form the π bond of C=C or C=O.
• sp carbon (sp कार्बन) — Two sp orbitals at 180° (linear); two p orbitals form two π bonds — C≡C, C≡N, and the central C of CH₂=C=CH₂.
• s-character (s-लक्षण) — More s-character holds electrons closer to the nucleus: sp carbon is the most electronegative, and its bonds are shortest and strongest (ethyne’s H is weakly acidic).

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Sec 8.2. Report a mistake