Carbocation stability and hyperconjugationकार्बधनायन स्थायित्व और अतिसंयुग्मन

NCERT Sec 8.7.8 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Methyl cation (मेथिल धनायन) — CH₃⁺ has no α-C–H bond to share electrons with the empty p orbital — the least stable.
• Primary (1°) (प्राथमिक (1°)) — Ethyl cation: 3 α-C–H bonds can overlap with the empty p orbital (hyperconjugation), spreading the positive charge.
• Secondary (2°) (द्वितीयक (2°)) — Isopropyl cation: 6 α-C–H bonds and the +I effect of two methyl groups.
• Tertiary (3°) (तृतीयक (3°)) — tert-Butyl cation: 9 α-C–H bonds — maximum hyperconjugation and +I effect, so the most stable (NCERT Problem 8.19, Ex 8.38).
• The trend (प्रवृत्ति) — Stability: 3° > 2° > 1° > CH₃⁺. The same order holds for free radicals.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Sec 8.7.8. Report a mistake