CLASS 12 MATHS · CHAPTER 2
Inverse Trigonometric Functionsप्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनInverse Trigonometric Functions
Why trig functions need a restricted domain, the principal value branches of sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹, tan⁻¹, cosec⁻¹, sec⁻¹, cot⁻¹ with their graphs, principal values and properties — NCERT Chapter 2, in easy words.त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के प्रांत को सीमित क्यों करते हैं, sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹, tan⁻¹, cosec⁻¹, sec⁻¹, cot⁻¹ की मुख्य मान शाखाएँ और उनके ग्राफ़, मुख्य मान और गुणधर्म — NCERT अध्याय 2, आसान शब्दों में।Trig functions ka domain restrict kyon karte hain, sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹, tan⁻¹, cosec⁻¹, sec⁻¹, cot⁻¹ ki principal value branches aur unke graphs, principal values aur properties — NCERT Chapter 2, aasaan shabdon mein.
In this chapterइस अध्याय मेंIs chapter mein
Didn’t understand a paragraph? Tap its अ button → हिंदी / Hinglish / Simple English.कोई पैराग्राफ़ समझ नहीं आया? उसके अ बटन पर टैप कीजिए → English / Hinglish / Simple English।Koi paragraph samajh nahi aaya? Uske अ button par tap kijiye → हिंदी / English / Simple English.
Pictures — tap to zoomचित्र — टैप करके बड़ा कीजिएPictures — tap karke bada kijiye
Why restrict the domain? sin x is not one-oneप्रांत सीमित क्यों? sin x एकैकी नहीं हैDomain restrict kyon? sin x one-one nahi haiSection 2.2
Branches of sin⁻¹: the dark one is the principal value branchsin⁻¹ की शाखाएँ: गहरी शाखा मुख्य मान शाखा हैsin⁻¹ ki branches: dark wali principal value branch haiFig 2.1 (ii)
y = sin x on [−π/2, π/2] and its mirror y = sin⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] पर y = sin x और उसका प्रतिबिंब y = sin⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] par y = sin x aur uska mirror y = sin⁻¹xFig 2.1 (iii)
y = cos x on [0, π] and its mirror y = cos⁻¹x[0, π] पर y = cos x और उसका प्रतिबिंब y = cos⁻¹x[0, π] par y = cos x aur uska mirror y = cos⁻¹xFig 2.2
y = cosec x on [−π/2, π/2] − {0} and y = cosec⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] − {0} पर y = cosec x और y = cosec⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] − {0} par y = cosec x aur y = cosec⁻¹xFig 2.3
y = sec x on [0, π] − {π/2} and y = sec⁻¹x[0, π] − {π/2} पर y = sec x और y = sec⁻¹x[0, π] − {π/2} par y = sec x aur y = sec⁻¹xFig 2.4
y = tan x on (−π/2, π/2) and y = tan⁻¹x(−π/2, π/2) पर y = tan x और y = tan⁻¹x(−π/2, π/2) par y = tan x aur y = tan⁻¹xFig 2.5
y = cot x on (0, π) and y = cot⁻¹x(0, π) पर y = cot x और y = cot⁻¹x(0, π) par y = cot x aur y = cot⁻¹xFig 2.6
Domain and range of the six inverse trig functions (principal value branches)छह प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के प्रांत और परिसर (मुख्य मान शाखाएँ)Chhah inverse trig functions ke domain aur range (principal value branches)Summary table
Unit circle: why sin⁻¹(½) = π/6 and not 5π/6इकाई वृत्त: sin⁻¹(½) = π/6 क्यों, 5π/6 क्यों नहींUnit circle: sin⁻¹(½) = π/6 kyon, 5π/6 kyon nahiSection 2.2
Unit circle: cos⁻¹(−½) = 2π/3इकाई वृत्त: cos⁻¹(−½) = 2π/3Unit circle: cos⁻¹(−½) = 2π/3Exercise 2.1
Graph of y = sin⁻¹(sin x): a zigzagy = sin⁻¹(sin x) का ग्राफ़: टेढ़ी-मेढ़ी रेखाy = sin⁻¹(sin x) ka graph: zigzagSection 2.3
sin⁻¹(sin 3π/5) = 2π/5, seen on the unit circlesin⁻¹(sin 3π/5) = 2π/5, इकाई वृत्त परsin⁻¹(sin 3π/5) = 2π/5, unit circle parExample 6Try it yourselfखुद करके देखिएKhud karke dekhiye
All sections (NCERT order)सभी खंड (NCERT क्रम)Saare sections (NCERT order)
- 2.1IntroductionपरिचयIntroduction
- 2.2Basic Conceptsआधारभूत संकल्पनाएँBasic Concepts
- The inverse sine function \sin^{-1}प्रतिलोम sine फलन \sin^{-1}Inverse sine function \sin^{-1}
- The inverse cosine function \cos^{-1}प्रतिलोम cosine फलन \cos^{-1}Inverse cosine function \cos^{-1}
- \operatorname{cosec}^{-1} and \sec^{-1}\operatorname{cosec}^{-1} और \sec^{-1}\operatorname{cosec}^{-1} aur \sec^{-1}
- \tan^{-1} and \cot^{-1}\tan^{-1} और \cot^{-1}\tan^{-1} aur \cot^{-1}
- The table of principal value branchesमुख्य मान शाखाओं की सारणीPrincipal value branches ki table
- 2.3Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functionsप्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के गुणधर्मInverse Trigonometric Functions ki properties
- Miscellaneous Examplesविविध उदाहरणMiscellaneous Examples
- Formula sheetसूत्र-पत्रFormula sheet
- Quick revisionझटपट दोहरावQuick revision
- Quizप्रश्नोत्तरीQuiz
2.1IntroductionपरिचयIntroduction
In Chapter 1 we studied that the inverse of a function f, denoted by f^{-1}, exists if f is one-one and onto. Trigonometric functions are not one-one and onto over their natural domains and ranges, so their inverses do not exist there. In this chapter we restrict the domains and ranges of trigonometric functions so that their inverses exist, and we look at their graphs. Some elementary properties are also discussed.अध्याय 1 में हमने पढ़ा कि किसी फलन f का प्रतिलोम f^{-1} तभी होता है जब f एकैकी तथा आच्छादक हो। त्रिकोणमितीय फलन अपने प्राकृतिक प्रांत और परिसर पर एकैकी तथा आच्छादक नहीं होते, इसलिए वहाँ उनके प्रतिलोम नहीं होते। इस अध्याय में हम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के प्रांत और परिसर को सीमित करते हैं ताकि उनके प्रतिलोम बन सकें, और उनके ग्राफ़ देखते हैं। कुछ प्रारंभिक गुणधर्मों की भी चर्चा की गई है।Chapter 1 mein humne padha ki kisi function f ka inverse f^{-1} tabhi hota hai jab f one-one aur onto ho. Trigonometric functions apne natural domain aur range par one-one aur onto nahi hote, isliye wahan unke inverse nahi hote. Is chapter mein hum trig functions ke domain aur range ko restrict karte hain taaki unke inverse ban sakein, aur unke graphs dekhte hain. Kuch basic properties bhi discuss ki gayi hain.An inverse needs one-one and onto. Trig functions are not, so we cut their domain to a piece where they are.
2.2Basic Conceptsआधारभूत संकल्पनाएँBasic Concepts
In Class XI we studied the six trigonometric functions with these domains and ranges:कक्षा XI में हमने छह त्रिकोणमितीय फलन इन प्रांतों और परिसरों के साथ पढ़े:Class XI mein humne chhah trigonometric functions in domains aur ranges ke saath padhe:The six trig functions and where they live:
- \sin : \mathbb{R} \to [-1, 1] and \cos : \mathbb{R} \to [-1, 1]\sin : \mathbb{R} \to [-1, 1] और \cos : \mathbb{R} \to [-1, 1]\sin : \mathbb{R} \to [-1, 1] aur \cos : \mathbb{R} \to [-1, 1]sin and cos: any real input, output between −1 and 1.
- \tan : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R}\tan : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R}\tan : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R}tan: not defined at odd multiples of π/2; output any real number.
- \cot : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R}\cot : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R}\cot : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R}cot: not defined at multiples of π.
- \sec : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)\sec : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)\sec : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)sec: output is never strictly between −1 and 1.
- \operatorname{cosec} : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)\operatorname{cosec} : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)\operatorname{cosec} : \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} \to \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)cosec: same output set as sec.
Recall from Chapter 1: if f : X \to Y with f(x) = y is one-one and onto, there is a unique function g : Y \to X with g(y) = x. The domain of g = range of f, and the range of g = domain of f. g is the inverse of f, written f^{-1}; g is also one-one and onto, and (f^{-1})^{-1} = f. Also (f^{-1} \circ f)(x) = x and (f \circ f^{-1})(y) = y.अध्याय 1 से याद कीजिए: यदि f : X \to Y, f(x) = y एकैकी तथा आच्छादक है, तो एक अद्वितीय फलन g : Y \to X है जिसमें g(y) = x। g का प्रांत = f का परिसर, और g का परिसर = f का प्रांत। g को f का प्रतिलोम कहते हैं, f^{-1} लिखते हैं; g भी एकैकी तथा आच्छादक है और (f^{-1})^{-1} = f। साथ ही (f^{-1} \circ f)(x) = x और (f \circ f^{-1})(y) = y।Chapter 1 se yaad kijiye: agar f : X \to Y, f(x) = y one-one aur onto hai, to ek unique function g : Y \to X hai jismein g(y) = x. g ka domain = f ki range, aur g ki range = f ka domain. g ko f ka inverse kehte hain, f^{-1} likhte hain; g bhi one-one aur onto hai aur (f^{-1})^{-1} = f. Saath hi (f^{-1} \circ f)(x) = x aur (f \circ f^{-1})(y) = y.Inverse swaps input and output: domain and range change places.
Why restrict the domain? sin x is not one-oneप्रांत सीमित क्यों? sin x एकैकी नहीं हैDomain restrict kyon? sin x one-one nahi haiNCERT Section 2.2 · 8 tappable partsOpenLook at the graph: the line y = \frac12 cuts y = \sin x again and again. Many inputs give the same output, so sine is not one-one on \mathbb{R} and cannot be reversed there. But inside the yellow band [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] it is cut only once. So we keep only such a piece — that is "restricting the domain".ग्राफ़ देखिए: रेखा y = \frac12, y = \sin x को बार-बार काटती है। कई इनपुट का आउटपुट एक ही है, इसलिए \mathbb{R} पर sine एकैकी नहीं है और वहाँ उलटा नहीं जा सकता। पर पीली पट्टी [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] के अंदर यह केवल एक बार कटती है। इसलिए हम ऐसा ही एक टुकड़ा रखते हैं — यही "प्रांत को सीमित करना" है।Graph dekhiye: line y = \frac12, y = \sin x ko baar-baar kaatti hai. Kai inputs ka output ek hi hai, isliye \mathbb{R} par sine one-one nahi hai aur wahan ulta nahi ho sakta. Par peeli patti [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] ke andar ye sirf ek baar katti hai. Isliye hum aisa hi ek tukda rakhte hain — yahi "domain restrict karna" hai.One horizontal line, many hits = not one-one. Keep one piece where each height is hit once.
The inverse sine function \sin^{-1}प्रतिलोम sine फलन \sin^{-1}Inverse sine function \sin^{-1}
The domain of sine is \mathbb{R} and its range is [-1, 1]. If we restrict its domain to [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], it becomes one-one and onto with range [-1, 1]. In fact, sine restricted to any of the intervals [-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}], [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], [\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}] etc. is one-one with range [-1, 1], so we can define the inverse of sine on each of them. The inverse of sine is written \sin^{-1} (arc sine function).sine का प्रांत \mathbb{R} और परिसर [-1, 1] है। यदि इसके प्रांत को [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] तक सीमित करें, तो यह एकैकी तथा आच्छादक हो जाता है, परिसर [-1, 1]। वास्तव में, अंतरालों [-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}], [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], [\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}] आदि में से किसी पर भी सीमित sine एकैकी है और परिसर [-1, 1] है, इसलिए हर अंतराल पर sine का प्रतिलोम परिभाषित कर सकते हैं। sine के प्रतिलोम को \sin^{-1} (arc sine फलन) लिखते हैं।Sine ka domain \mathbb{R} aur range [-1, 1] hai. Agar iske domain ko [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] tak restrict karein, to ye one-one aur onto ho jaata hai, range [-1, 1]. Asal mein, intervals [-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}], [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], [\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}] waghairah mein se kisi par bhi restricted sine one-one hai aur range [-1, 1] hai, isliye har interval par sine ka inverse define kar sakte hain. Sine ke inverse ko \sin^{-1} (arc sine function) likhte hain.Many pieces of the sine curve work. Each piece gives one "branch" of sin⁻¹.
Branches of sin⁻¹: the dark one is the principal value branchsin⁻¹ की शाखाएँ: गहरी शाखा मुख्य मान शाखा हैsin⁻¹ ki branches: dark wali principal value branch haiNCERT Fig 2.1 (ii) · 7 tappable partsOpen
y = sin x on [−π/2, π/2] and its mirror y = sin⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] पर y = sin x और उसका प्रतिबिंब y = sin⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] par y = sin x aur uska mirror y = sin⁻¹xNCERT Fig 2.1 (iii) · 11 tappable partsOpenThe inverse cosine function \cos^{-1}प्रतिलोम cosine फलन \cos^{-1}Inverse cosine function \cos^{-1}
Cosine also has domain \mathbb{R} and range [-1, 1]. Restricted to [0, \pi] it becomes one-one and onto with range [-1, 1]. In fact, cosine restricted to any of [-\pi, 0], [0, \pi], [\pi, 2\pi] etc. is bijective with range [-1, 1], so each gives a branch of \cos^{-1} (arc cosine function).cosine का प्रांत भी \mathbb{R} और परिसर [-1, 1] है। [0, \pi] तक सीमित करने पर यह एकैकी तथा आच्छादक हो जाता है, परिसर [-1, 1]। वास्तव में [-\pi, 0], [0, \pi], [\pi, 2\pi] आदि में से किसी पर भी सीमित cosine एकैकी आच्छादक है, इसलिए हर एक से \cos^{-1} (arc cosine फलन) की एक शाखा मिलती है।Cosine ka domain bhi \mathbb{R} aur range [-1, 1] hai. [0, \pi] tak restrict karne par ye one-one aur onto ho jaata hai, range [-1, 1]. Asal mein [-\pi, 0], [0, \pi], [\pi, 2\pi] waghairah mein se kisi par bhi restricted cosine bijective hai, isliye har ek se \cos^{-1} (arc cosine function) ki ek branch milti hai.For cosine we keep the piece [0, π], where cos falls from 1 to −1.
y = cos x on [0, π] and its mirror y = cos⁻¹x[0, π] पर y = cos x और उसका प्रतिबिंब y = cos⁻¹x[0, π] par y = cos x aur uska mirror y = cos⁻¹xNCERT Fig 2.2 · 11 tappable partsOpen\operatorname{cosec}^{-1} and \sec^{-1}\operatorname{cosec}^{-1} और \sec^{-1}\operatorname{cosec}^{-1} aur \sec^{-1}
Since \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x}, the domain of cosec is \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} and its range is \{y : y \in \mathbb{R},\ y \ge 1 \text{ or } y \le -1\}, i.e. \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1). Restricted to [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}, cosec is one-one and onto with range \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1). (It is also bijective on [-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}] - \{-\pi\}, [\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}] - \{\pi\} etc.)चूँकि \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x}, cosec का प्रांत \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} और परिसर \{y : y \in \mathbb{R},\ y \ge 1 \text{ या } y \le -1\} अर्थात् \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1) है। [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\} तक सीमित करने पर cosec एकैकी तथा आच्छादक है, परिसर \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)। (यह [-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}] - \{-\pi\}, [\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}] - \{\pi\} आदि पर भी एकैकी आच्छादक है।)Kyonki \operatorname{cosec} x = \frac{1}{\sin x}, cosec ka domain \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} aur range \{y : y \in \mathbb{R},\ y \ge 1 \text{ ya } y \le -1\} yaani \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1) hai. [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\} tak restrict karne par cosec one-one aur onto hai, range \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1). (Ye [-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}] - \{-\pi\}, [\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}] - \{\pi\} waghairah par bhi bijective hai.)cosec = 1/sin, so it is never between −1 and 1, and is undefined where sin = 0.
y = cosec x on [−π/2, π/2] − {0} and y = cosec⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] − {0} पर y = cosec x और y = cosec⁻¹x[−π/2, π/2] − {0} par y = cosec x aur y = cosec⁻¹xNCERT Fig 2.3 · 11 tappable partsOpenSince \sec x = \frac{1}{\cos x}, the domain of sec is \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} and its range is \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1). Restricted to [0, \pi] - \{\frac{\pi}{2}\}, sec is one-one and onto with range \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1). (It is also bijective on [-\pi, 0] - \{-\frac{\pi}{2}\}, [\pi, 2\pi] - \{\frac{3\pi}{2}\} etc.)चूँकि \sec x = \frac{1}{\cos x}, sec का प्रांत \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} और परिसर \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1) है। [0, \pi] - \{\frac{\pi}{2}\} तक सीमित करने पर sec एकैकी तथा आच्छादक है, परिसर \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1)। (यह [-\pi, 0] - \{-\frac{\pi}{2}\}, [\pi, 2\pi] - \{\frac{3\pi}{2}\} आदि पर भी एकैकी आच्छादक है।)Kyonki \sec x = \frac{1}{\cos x}, sec ka domain \mathbb{R} - \{x : x = (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} aur range \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1) hai. [0, \pi] - \{\frac{\pi}{2}\} tak restrict karne par sec one-one aur onto hai, range \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1). (Ye [-\pi, 0] - \{-\frac{\pi}{2}\}, [\pi, 2\pi] - \{\frac{3\pi}{2}\} waghairah par bhi bijective hai.)sec = 1/cos; we keep [0, π] but must remove π/2, where cos = 0.
y = sec x on [0, π] − {π/2} and y = sec⁻¹x[0, π] − {π/2} पर y = sec x और y = sec⁻¹x[0, π] − {π/2} par y = sec x aur y = sec⁻¹xNCERT Fig 2.4 · 13 tappable partsOpen\tan^{-1} and \cot^{-1}\tan^{-1} और \cot^{-1}\tan^{-1} aur \cot^{-1}
The domain of tan is \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} and its range is \mathbb{R}. Restricted to (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}) it is one-one and onto with range \mathbb{R} (it is also bijective on (-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}), (\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}) etc.). So \tan^{-1} has domain \mathbb{R}.tan का प्रांत \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} और परिसर \mathbb{R} है। (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}) तक सीमित करने पर यह एकैकी तथा आच्छादक है, परिसर \mathbb{R} (यह (-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}), (\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}) आदि पर भी एकैकी आच्छादक है)। इसलिए \tan^{-1} का प्रांत \mathbb{R} है।Tan ka domain \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne (2n+1)\frac{\pi}{2},\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} aur range \mathbb{R} hai. (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}) tak restrict karne par ye one-one aur onto hai, range \mathbb{R} (ye (-\frac{3\pi}{2}, -\frac{\pi}{2}), (\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{3\pi}{2}) waghairah par bhi bijective hai). Isliye \tan^{-1} ka domain \mathbb{R} hai.tan on the open interval (−π/2, π/2) takes every real value exactly once.
y = tan x on (−π/2, π/2) and y = tan⁻¹x(−π/2, π/2) पर y = tan x और y = tan⁻¹x(−π/2, π/2) par y = tan x aur y = tan⁻¹xNCERT Fig 2.5 · 12 tappable partsOpenThe domain of cot is \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} and its range is \mathbb{R}. Restricted to (0, \pi) it is bijective with range \mathbb{R} (also on (-\pi, 0), (\pi, 2\pi) etc.). So \cot^{-1} has domain \mathbb{R}.cot का प्रांत \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} और परिसर \mathbb{R} है। (0, \pi) तक सीमित करने पर यह एकैकी आच्छादक है, परिसर \mathbb{R} ((-\pi, 0), (\pi, 2\pi) आदि पर भी)। इसलिए \cot^{-1} का प्रांत \mathbb{R} है।Cot ka domain \{x : x \in \mathbb{R},\ x \ne n\pi,\ n \in \mathbb{Z}\} aur range \mathbb{R} hai. (0, \pi) tak restrict karne par ye bijective hai, range \mathbb{R} ((-\pi, 0), (\pi, 2\pi) waghairah par bhi). Isliye \cot^{-1} ka domain \mathbb{R} hai.cot on (0, π) takes every real value exactly once.
y = cot x on (0, π) and y = cot⁻¹x(0, π) पर y = cot x और y = cot⁻¹x(0, π) par y = cot x aur y = cot⁻¹xNCERT Fig 2.6 · 12 tappable partsOpenThe table of principal value branchesमुख्य मान शाखाओं की सारणीPrincipal value branches ki table
NCERT collects all six principal value branches, with their domains and ranges, in one table. Learn it by heart — almost every question in this chapter starts from it.NCERT सभी छह मुख्य मान शाखाओं को उनके प्रांत और परिसर के साथ एक सारणी में देती है। इसे अच्छी तरह याद कीजिए — इस अध्याय का लगभग हर प्रश्न इसी से शुरू होता है।NCERT saari chhah principal value branches ko unke domain aur range ke saath ek table mein deti hai. Ise achchhi tarah yaad kijiye — is chapter ka lagbhag har sawaal isi se shuru hota hai.One table, six rows. Learn it well.
Domain and range of the six inverse trig functions (principal value branches)छह प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के प्रांत और परिसर (मुख्य मान शाखाएँ)Chhah inverse trig functions ke domain aur range (principal value branches)NCERT Summary table · 20 tappable partsOpen
Unit circle: why sin⁻¹(½) = π/6 and not 5π/6इकाई वृत्त: sin⁻¹(½) = π/6 क्यों, 5π/6 क्यों नहींUnit circle: sin⁻¹(½) = π/6 kyon, 5π/6 kyon nahiNCERT Section 2.2 · 9 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- Turn the inverse question into an ordinary trig equation.प्रतिलोम प्रश्न को सामान्य त्रिकोणमितीय समीकरण में बदलिए।Inverse sawaal ko normal trig equation mein badaliye.\sin^{-1}\left(\tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) = y \;\Rightarrow\; \sin y = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}
- The range of the principal value branch of \sin^{-1} is this interval, so the answer must be an angle from it.\sin^{-1} की मुख्य मान शाखा का परिसर यही अंतराल है, इसलिए उत्तर इसी अंतराल का कोण होना चाहिए।\sin^{-1} ki principal value branch ki range yahi interval hai, isliye answer isi interval ka angle hona chahiye.\sin^{-1} : [-1, 1] \to \left[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right]
- \frac{\pi}{4} (45°) fits both conditions.\frac{\pi}{4} (45°) दोनों शर्तें पूरी करता है।\frac{\pi}{4} (45°) dono shartein poori karta hai.\sin\tfrac{\pi}{4} = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt2}, \quad \tfrac{\pi}{4} \in \left[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right]
✔ Principal value of \sin^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) is \frac{\pi}{4}.\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) का मुख्य मान \frac{\pi}{4} है।\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) ki principal value \frac{\pi}{4} hai.
Solution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- Write it as a trig equation.इसे त्रिकोणमितीय समीकरण के रूप में लिखिए।Ise trig equation ke roop mein likhiye.\cot^{-1}\left(\tfrac{-1}{\sqrt3}\right) = y \;\Rightarrow\; \cot y = \tfrac{-1}{\sqrt3}
- \cot\frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{1}{\sqrt3}, and \cot(\pi - \theta) = -\cot\theta turns the minus sign into an angle of the second quadrant.\cot\frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{1}{\sqrt3}, और \cot(\pi - \theta) = -\cot\theta ऋण चिह्न को दूसरे चतुर्थांश के कोण में बदल देता है।\cot\frac{\pi}{3} = \frac{1}{\sqrt3}, aur \cot(\pi - \theta) = -\cot\theta minus sign ko second quadrant ke angle mein badal deta hai.\cot y = -\cot\left(\tfrac{\pi}{3}\right) = \cot\left(\pi - \tfrac{\pi}{3}\right) = \cot\left(\tfrac{2\pi}{3}\right)
- So \frac{2\pi}{3} is the principal value. (Not -\frac{\pi}{3} — negative angles are not in (0, \pi).)इसलिए \frac{2\pi}{3} मुख्य मान है। (-\frac{\pi}{3} नहीं — ऋणात्मक कोण (0, \pi) में नहीं हैं।)Isliye \frac{2\pi}{3} principal value hai. (-\frac{\pi}{3} nahi — negative angles (0, \pi) mein nahi hain.)\cot^{-1} : \mathbb{R} \to (0, \pi), \quad \tfrac{2\pi}{3} \in (0, \pi)
✔ Principal value of \cot^{-1}\left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt3}\right) is \frac{2\pi}{3}.\cot^{-1}\left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt3}\right) का मुख्य मान \frac{2\pi}{3} है।\cot^{-1}\left(\frac{-1}{\sqrt3}\right) ki principal value \frac{2\pi}{3} hai.
Unit circle: cos⁻¹(−½) = 2π/3इकाई वृत्त: cos⁻¹(−½) = 2π/3Unit circle: cos⁻¹(−½) = 2π/3NCERT Exercise 2.1 · 9 tappable partsOpenExercise 2.1, Q1: Find the principal value of \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 1: \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q1: \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) ki principal value nikaliye.
Show answerउत्तर देखिएAnswer dekhiye
-\frac{\pi}{6}, because \sin(-\frac{\pi}{6}) = -\frac12 and -\frac{\pi}{6} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}].-\frac{\pi}{6}, क्योंकि \sin(-\frac{\pi}{6}) = -\frac12 और -\frac{\pi}{6} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}]।-\frac{\pi}{6}, kyonki \sin(-\frac{\pi}{6}) = -\frac12 aur -\frac{\pi}{6} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}].
Exercise 2.1, Q2: Find the principal value of \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 2: \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q2: \cos^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt3}{2}\right) ki principal value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{6}, because \cos\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{\sqrt3}{2} and \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi].\frac{\pi}{6}, क्योंकि \cos\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{\sqrt3}{2} और \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi]।\frac{\pi}{6}, kyonki \cos\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{\sqrt3}{2} aur \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi].
Exercise 2.1, Q3: Find the principal value of \operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(2).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 3: \operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(2) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q3: \operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(2) ki principal value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{6}, because \operatorname{cosec}\frac{\pi}{6} = 2 and \frac{\pi}{6} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}.\frac{\pi}{6}, क्योंकि \operatorname{cosec}\frac{\pi}{6} = 2 और \frac{\pi}{6} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}।\frac{\pi}{6}, kyonki \operatorname{cosec}\frac{\pi}{6} = 2 aur \frac{\pi}{6} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}.
Exercise 2.1, Q4: Find the principal value of \tan^{-1}(-\sqrt3).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 4: \tan^{-1}(-\sqrt3) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q4: \tan^{-1}(-\sqrt3) ki principal value nikaliye.
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-\frac{\pi}{3}, because \tan(-\frac{\pi}{3}) = -\sqrt3 and -\frac{\pi}{3} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}).-\frac{\pi}{3}, क्योंकि \tan(-\frac{\pi}{3}) = -\sqrt3 और -\frac{\pi}{3} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})।-\frac{\pi}{3}, kyonki \tan(-\frac{\pi}{3}) = -\sqrt3 aur -\frac{\pi}{3} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}).
Exercise 2.1, Q5: Find the principal value of \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 5: \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q5: \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) ki principal value nikaliye.
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\frac{2\pi}{3}, because \cos\frac{2\pi}{3} = -\frac12 and \frac{2\pi}{3} \in [0, \pi].\frac{2\pi}{3}, क्योंकि \cos\frac{2\pi}{3} = -\frac12 और \frac{2\pi}{3} \in [0, \pi]।\frac{2\pi}{3}, kyonki \cos\frac{2\pi}{3} = -\frac12 aur \frac{2\pi}{3} \in [0, \pi].
Exercise 2.1, Q7: Find the principal value of \sec^{-1}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt3}\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 7: \sec^{-1}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt3}\right) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q7: \sec^{-1}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt3}\right) ki principal value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{6}, because \sec\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2}{\sqrt3} and \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi] - \{\frac{\pi}{2}\}.\frac{\pi}{6}, क्योंकि \sec\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2}{\sqrt3} और \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi] - \{\frac{\pi}{2}\}।\frac{\pi}{6}, kyonki \sec\frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2}{\sqrt3} aur \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi] - \{\frac{\pi}{2}\}.
Exercise 2.1, Q8: Find the principal value of \cot^{-1}(\sqrt3).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 8: \cot^{-1}(\sqrt3) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q8: \cot^{-1}(\sqrt3) ki principal value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{6}, because \cot\frac{\pi}{6} = \sqrt3 and \frac{\pi}{6} \in (0, \pi).\frac{\pi}{6}, क्योंकि \cot\frac{\pi}{6} = \sqrt3 और \frac{\pi}{6} \in (0, \pi)।\frac{\pi}{6}, kyonki \cot\frac{\pi}{6} = \sqrt3 aur \frac{\pi}{6} \in (0, \pi).
Exercise 2.1, Q9: Find the principal value of \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 9: \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q9: \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\right) ki principal value nikaliye.
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\frac{3\pi}{4}, because \cos\frac{3\pi}{4} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} and \frac{3\pi}{4} \in [0, \pi].\frac{3\pi}{4}, क्योंकि \cos\frac{3\pi}{4} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} और \frac{3\pi}{4} \in [0, \pi]।\frac{3\pi}{4}, kyonki \cos\frac{3\pi}{4} = -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} aur \frac{3\pi}{4} \in [0, \pi].
Exercise 2.1, Q10: Find the principal value of \operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(-\sqrt2).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 10: \operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(-\sqrt2) का मुख्य मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q10: \operatorname{cosec}^{-1}(-\sqrt2) ki principal value nikaliye.
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-\frac{\pi}{4}, because \operatorname{cosec}(-\frac{\pi}{4}) = -\sqrt2 and -\frac{\pi}{4} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}.-\frac{\pi}{4}, क्योंकि \operatorname{cosec}(-\frac{\pi}{4}) = -\sqrt2 और -\frac{\pi}{4} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}।-\frac{\pi}{4}, kyonki \operatorname{cosec}(-\frac{\pi}{4}) = -\sqrt2 aur -\frac{\pi}{4} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}] - \{0\}.
Exercise 2.1, Q11: Find the value of \tan^{-1}(1) + \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) + \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 11: \tan^{-1}(1) + \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) + \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q11: \tan^{-1}(1) + \cos^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) + \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right) ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{2\pi}{3} - \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{3\pi + 8\pi - 2\pi}{12} = \frac{3\pi}{4}.\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{2\pi}{3} - \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{3\pi + 8\pi - 2\pi}{12} = \frac{3\pi}{4}।\frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{2\pi}{3} - \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{3\pi + 8\pi - 2\pi}{12} = \frac{3\pi}{4}.
Exercise 2.1, Q12: Find the value of \cos^{-1}\left(\frac12\right) + 2\sin^{-1}\left(\frac12\right).प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 12: \cos^{-1}\left(\frac12\right) + 2\sin^{-1}\left(\frac12\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.1, Q12: \cos^{-1}\left(\frac12\right) + 2\sin^{-1}\left(\frac12\right) ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{3} + 2 \cdot \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2\pi}{3}.\frac{\pi}{3} + 2 \cdot \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2\pi}{3}।\frac{\pi}{3} + 2 \cdot \frac{\pi}{6} = \frac{2\pi}{3}.
Exercise 2.1, Q14: \tan^{-1}\sqrt3 - \sec^{-1}(-2) is equal to (A) \pi (B) -\frac{\pi}{3} (C) \frac{\pi}{3} (D) \frac{2\pi}{3}प्रश्नावली 2.1, प्रश्न 14: \tan^{-1}\sqrt3 - \sec^{-1}(-2) बराबर है (A) \pi (B) -\frac{\pi}{3} (C) \frac{\pi}{3} (D) \frac{2\pi}{3}Exercise 2.1, Q14: \tan^{-1}\sqrt3 - \sec^{-1}(-2) barabar hai (A) \pi (B) -\frac{\pi}{3} (C) \frac{\pi}{3} (D) \frac{2\pi}{3}
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(B): \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{2\pi}{3} = -\frac{\pi}{3}, since \sec^{-1}(-2) = \frac{2\pi}{3} (not -\frac{\pi}{3}).(B): \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{2\pi}{3} = -\frac{\pi}{3}, क्योंकि \sec^{-1}(-2) = \frac{2\pi}{3} (-\frac{\pi}{3} नहीं)।(B): \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{2\pi}{3} = -\frac{\pi}{3}, kyonki \sec^{-1}(-2) = \frac{2\pi}{3} (-\frac{\pi}{3} nahi).
2.3Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functionsप्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों के गुणधर्मInverse Trigonometric Functions ki properties
The results of this section are valid within the principal value branches of the corresponding inverse trigonometric functions and wherever they are defined. Some results may not be valid for all values in the domain — only for some values of x for which the inverse trigonometric functions are defined.इस खंड के परिणाम संगत प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलनों की मुख्य मान शाखाओं के अंदर और जहाँ वे परिभाषित हैं, वहीं मान्य हैं। कुछ परिणाम प्रांत के सभी मानों के लिए मान्य नहीं होते — केवल x के कुछ ऐसे मानों के लिए जिन पर प्रतिलोम त्रिकोणमितीय फलन परिभाषित हैं।Is section ke results corresponding inverse trig functions ki principal value branches ke andar aur jahan wo defined hain, wahin valid hain. Kuch results domain ki saari values ke liye valid nahi hote — sirf x ki kuch aisi values ke liye jin par inverse trig functions defined hain.These rules work only inside the principal ranges.
If y = \sin^{-1}x, then x = \sin y, and if x = \sin y (with y in the principal range), then y = \sin^{-1}x. This is the same as saying:यदि y = \sin^{-1}x, तो x = \sin y, और यदि x = \sin y (y मुख्य परिसर में), तो y = \sin^{-1}x। इसका अर्थ यही है:Agar y = \sin^{-1}x, to x = \sin y, aur agar x = \sin y (y principal range mein), to y = \sin^{-1}x. Iska matlab yahi hai:sin⁻¹ undoes sin, and sin undoes sin⁻¹:
Graph of y = sin⁻¹(sin x): a zigzagy = sin⁻¹(sin x) का ग्राफ़: टेढ़ी-मेढ़ी रेखाy = sin⁻¹(sin x) ka graph: zigzagNCERT Section 2.3 · 8 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (6)हल — चरण दर चरण (6)Hal — step by step (6)
- Substitution. Since -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le \frac{1}{\sqrt2}, \theta lies in [-\frac{\pi}{4}, \frac{\pi}{4}].प्रतिस्थापन। क्योंकि -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le \frac{1}{\sqrt2}, इसलिए \theta, [-\frac{\pi}{4}, \frac{\pi}{4}] में है।Substitution. Kyonki -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le \frac{1}{\sqrt2}, isliye \theta, [-\frac{\pi}{4}, \frac{\pi}{4}] mein hai.x = \sin\theta \;\Rightarrow\; \sin^{-1}x = \theta
- Put x = \sin\theta everywhere.हर जगह x = \sin\theta रखिए।Har jagah x = \sin\theta rakhiye.\sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right) = \sin^{-1}\left(2\sin\theta\sqrt{1 - \sin^2\theta}\right)
- \sqrt{1 - \sin^2\theta} = \cos\theta (cos is positive for these \theta), and 2\sin\theta\cos\theta = \sin 2\theta.\sqrt{1 - \sin^2\theta} = \cos\theta (इन \theta के लिए cos धनात्मक है), और 2\sin\theta\cos\theta = \sin 2\theta।\sqrt{1 - \sin^2\theta} = \cos\theta (in \theta ke liye cos positive hai), aur 2\sin\theta\cos\theta = \sin 2\theta.= \sin^{-1}(2\sin\theta\cos\theta) = \sin^{-1}(\sin 2\theta)
- 2\theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], so \sin^{-1}(\sin 2\theta) = 2\theta by the basic property.2\theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], इसलिए मूल गुणधर्म से \sin^{-1}(\sin 2\theta) = 2\theta।2\theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], isliye basic property se \sin^{-1}(\sin 2\theta) = 2\theta.= 2\theta = 2\sin^{-1}x
- (ii) Put x = \cos\theta, so 2x\sqrt{1 - x^2} = 2\cos\theta\sin\theta = \sin 2\theta. Now \theta = \cos^{-1}x \in [0, \frac{\pi}{4}] because \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le 1.(ii) x = \cos\theta रखिए, तो 2x\sqrt{1 - x^2} = 2\cos\theta\sin\theta = \sin 2\theta। अब \theta = \cos^{-1}x \in [0, \frac{\pi}{4}] क्योंकि \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le 1।(ii) x = \cos\theta rakhiye, to 2x\sqrt{1 - x^2} = 2\cos\theta\sin\theta = \sin 2\theta. Ab \theta = \cos^{-1}x \in [0, \frac{\pi}{4}] kyonki \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le 1.x = \cos\theta \;\Rightarrow\; \sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right) = \sin^{-1}(\sin 2\theta)
- 2\theta \in [0, \frac{\pi}{2}], inside the principal range of \sin^{-1}.2\theta \in [0, \frac{\pi}{2}], जो \sin^{-1} के मुख्य परिसर के अंदर है।2\theta \in [0, \frac{\pi}{2}], jo \sin^{-1} ki principal range ke andar hai.= 2\theta = 2\cos^{-1}x
✔ (i) \sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right) = 2\sin^{-1}x for -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le \frac{1}{\sqrt2}; (ii) = 2\cos^{-1}x for \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le 1.(i) -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le \frac{1}{\sqrt2} के लिए \sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right) = 2\sin^{-1}x; (ii) \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le 1 के लिए = 2\cos^{-1}x।(i) -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le \frac{1}{\sqrt2} ke liye \sin^{-1}\left(2x\sqrt{1 - x^2}\right) = 2\sin^{-1}x; (ii) \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \le x \le 1 ke liye = 2\cos^{-1}x.
Solution — step by step (5)हल — चरण दर चरण (5)Hal — step by step (5)
- Double-angle formula with half angles.आधे कोण वाला द्विगुण कोण सूत्र।Half angle wala double-angle formula.\cos x = \cos^2\tfrac{x}{2} - \sin^2\tfrac{x}{2}
- Write 1 as \cos^2\frac{x}{2} + \sin^2\frac{x}{2} and \sin x = 2\sin\frac{x}{2}\cos\frac{x}{2}; it becomes a perfect square.1 को \cos^2\frac{x}{2} + \sin^2\frac{x}{2} और \sin x = 2\sin\frac{x}{2}\cos\frac{x}{2} लिखिए; यह पूर्ण वर्ग बन जाता है।1 ko \cos^2\frac{x}{2} + \sin^2\frac{x}{2} aur \sin x = 2\sin\frac{x}{2}\cos\frac{x}{2} likhiye; ye perfect square ban jaata hai.1 - \sin x = \left(\cos\tfrac{x}{2} - \sin\tfrac{x}{2}\right)^2
- Top: \cos x = \left(\cos\frac{x}{2} + \sin\frac{x}{2}\right)\left(\cos\frac{x}{2} - \sin\frac{x}{2}\right), a difference of squares. Cancel one bracket with the bottom.ऊपर: \cos x = \left(\cos\frac{x}{2} + \sin\frac{x}{2}\right)\left(\cos\frac{x}{2} - \sin\frac{x}{2}\right), वर्गों का अंतर। नीचे से एक कोष्ठक काटिए।Upar: \cos x = \left(\cos\frac{x}{2} + \sin\frac{x}{2}\right)\left(\cos\frac{x}{2} - \sin\frac{x}{2}\right), difference of squares. Neeche se ek bracket cancel kijiye.\dfrac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x} = \dfrac{\cos\frac{x}{2} + \sin\frac{x}{2}}{\cos\frac{x}{2} - \sin\frac{x}{2}}
- Divide top and bottom by \cos\frac{x}{2}; then use \tan(A + B) with \tan\frac{\pi}{4} = 1.ऊपर-नीचे \cos\frac{x}{2} से भाग दीजिए; फिर \tan\frac{\pi}{4} = 1 के साथ \tan(A + B) लगाइए।Upar-neeche \cos\frac{x}{2} se divide kijiye; phir \tan\frac{\pi}{4} = 1 ke saath \tan(A + B) lagaiye.= \dfrac{1 + \tan\frac{x}{2}}{1 - \tan\frac{x}{2}} = \tan\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4} + \dfrac{x}{2}\right)
- For -\frac{3\pi}{2} < x < \frac{\pi}{2}: -\frac{\pi}{2} < \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{x}{2} < \frac{\pi}{2}, the principal range of \tan^{-1}.-\frac{3\pi}{2} < x < \frac{\pi}{2} के लिए: -\frac{\pi}{2} < \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{x}{2} < \frac{\pi}{2}, जो \tan^{-1} का मुख्य परिसर है।-\frac{3\pi}{2} < x < \frac{\pi}{2} ke liye: -\frac{\pi}{2} < \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{x}{2} < \frac{\pi}{2}, jo \tan^{-1} ki principal range hai.\tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x}\right) = \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\left(\dfrac{\pi}{4} + \dfrac{x}{2}\right)\right) = \dfrac{\pi}{4} + \dfrac{x}{2}
✔ \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x}\right) = \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{x}{2}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x}\right) = \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{x}{2}\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{\cos x}{1 - \sin x}\right) = \frac{\pi}{4} + \frac{x}{2}
Solution — step by step (3)हल — चरण दर चरण (3)Hal — step by step (3)
- \sqrt{x^2 - 1} suggests \sec\theta, because \sec^2\theta - 1 = \tan^2\theta. For x > 1, \theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}), so \tan\theta > 0.\sqrt{x^2 - 1} देखकर \sec\theta रखिए, क्योंकि \sec^2\theta - 1 = \tan^2\theta। x > 1 के लिए \theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}), इसलिए \tan\theta > 0।\sqrt{x^2 - 1} dekhkar \sec\theta rakhiye, kyonki \sec^2\theta - 1 = \tan^2\theta. x > 1 ke liye \theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}), isliye \tan\theta > 0.x = \sec\theta \;\Rightarrow\; \sqrt{x^2 - 1} = \sqrt{\sec^2\theta - 1} = \tan\theta
- \frac{1}{\tan\theta} = \cot\theta.\frac{1}{\tan\theta} = \cot\theta।\frac{1}{\tan\theta} = \cot\theta.\cot^{-1}\left(\dfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}}\right) = \cot^{-1}\left(\dfrac{1}{\tan\theta}\right) = \cot^{-1}(\cot\theta)
- \theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \subset (0, \pi), the principal range of \cot^{-1}; and x = \sec\theta means \theta = \sec^{-1}x.\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \subset (0, \pi), जो \cot^{-1} का मुख्य परिसर है; और x = \sec\theta का अर्थ है \theta = \sec^{-1}x।\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}) \subset (0, \pi), jo \cot^{-1} ki principal range hai; aur x = \sec\theta ka matlab hai \theta = \sec^{-1}x.= \theta = \sec^{-1}x
✔ \cot^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}}\right) = \sec^{-1}x, which is the simplest form.\cot^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}}\right) = \sec^{-1}x, जो सरलतम रूप है।\cot^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2 - 1}}\right) = \sec^{-1}x, jo simplest form hai.
Exercise 2.2, Q1: Prove that 3\sin^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}(3x - 4x^3),\ x \in \left[-\frac12, \frac12\right].प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 1: सिद्ध कीजिए 3\sin^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}(3x - 4x^3),\ x \in \left[-\frac12, \frac12\right]।Exercise 2.2, Q1: Siddh kijiye 3\sin^{-1}x = \sin^{-1}(3x - 4x^3),\ x \in \left[-\frac12, \frac12\right].
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Put x = \sin\theta, \theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{\pi}{6}]: 3x - 4x^3 = 3\sin\theta - 4\sin^3\theta = \sin 3\theta, and 3\theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], so \sin^{-1}(\sin 3\theta) = 3\theta = 3\sin^{-1}x.x = \sin\theta रखिए, \theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{\pi}{6}]: 3x - 4x^3 = 3\sin\theta - 4\sin^3\theta = \sin 3\theta, और 3\theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], इसलिए \sin^{-1}(\sin 3\theta) = 3\theta = 3\sin^{-1}x।x = \sin\theta rakhiye, \theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{\pi}{6}]: 3x - 4x^3 = 3\sin\theta - 4\sin^3\theta = \sin 3\theta, aur 3\theta \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}], isliye \sin^{-1}(\sin 3\theta) = 3\theta = 3\sin^{-1}x.
Exercise 2.2, Q2: Prove that 3\cos^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}(4x^3 - 3x),\ x \in \left[\frac12, 1\right].प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 2: सिद्ध कीजिए 3\cos^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}(4x^3 - 3x),\ x \in \left[\frac12, 1\right]।Exercise 2.2, Q2: Siddh kijiye 3\cos^{-1}x = \cos^{-1}(4x^3 - 3x),\ x \in \left[\frac12, 1\right].
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Put x = \cos\theta, \theta \in [0, \frac{\pi}{3}]: 4x^3 - 3x = \cos 3\theta and 3\theta \in [0, \pi], so \cos^{-1}(\cos 3\theta) = 3\theta = 3\cos^{-1}x.x = \cos\theta रखिए, \theta \in [0, \frac{\pi}{3}]: 4x^3 - 3x = \cos 3\theta और 3\theta \in [0, \pi], इसलिए \cos^{-1}(\cos 3\theta) = 3\theta = 3\cos^{-1}x।x = \cos\theta rakhiye, \theta \in [0, \frac{\pi}{3}]: 4x^3 - 3x = \cos 3\theta aur 3\theta \in [0, \pi], isliye \cos^{-1}(\cos 3\theta) = 3\theta = 3\cos^{-1}x.
Exercise 2.2, Q3: Write in the simplest form: \tan^{-1}\dfrac{\sqrt{1 + x^2} - 1}{x},\ x \ne 0.प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 3: सरलतम रूप में लिखिए: \tan^{-1}\dfrac{\sqrt{1 + x^2} - 1}{x},\ x \ne 0।Exercise 2.2, Q3: Simplest form mein likhiye: \tan^{-1}\dfrac{\sqrt{1 + x^2} - 1}{x},\ x \ne 0.
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\frac12\tan^{-1}x (put x = \tan\theta: the fraction becomes \frac{\sec\theta - 1}{\tan\theta} = \frac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \tan\frac{\theta}{2}).\frac12\tan^{-1}x (x = \tan\theta रखिए: भिन्न \frac{\sec\theta - 1}{\tan\theta} = \frac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \tan\frac{\theta}{2} बन जाती है)।\frac12\tan^{-1}x (x = \tan\theta rakhiye: fraction \frac{\sec\theta - 1}{\tan\theta} = \frac{1 - \cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \tan\frac{\theta}{2} ban jaata hai).
Exercise 2.2, Q4: Write in the simplest form: \tan^{-1}\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}}\right),\ 0 < x < \pi.प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 4: सरलतम रूप में लिखिए: \tan^{-1}\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}}\right),\ 0 < x < \pi।Exercise 2.2, Q4: Simplest form mein likhiye: \tan^{-1}\left(\sqrt{\dfrac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x}}\right),\ 0 < x < \pi.
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\frac{x}{2} (because \frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x} = \tan^2\frac{x}{2} and \frac{x}{2} \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})).\frac{x}{2} (क्योंकि \frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x} = \tan^2\frac{x}{2} और \frac{x}{2} \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}))।\frac{x}{2} (kyonki \frac{1 - \cos x}{1 + \cos x} = \tan^2\frac{x}{2} aur \frac{x}{2} \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2})).
Exercise 2.2, Q5: Write in the simplest form: \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{\cos x - \sin x}{\cos x + \sin x}\right),\ -\frac{\pi}{4} < x < \frac{3\pi}{4}.प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 5: सरलतम रूप में लिखिए: \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{\cos x - \sin x}{\cos x + \sin x}\right),\ -\frac{\pi}{4} < x < \frac{3\pi}{4}।Exercise 2.2, Q5: Simplest form mein likhiye: \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{\cos x - \sin x}{\cos x + \sin x}\right),\ -\frac{\pi}{4} < x < \frac{3\pi}{4}.
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\frac{\pi}{4} - x (divide by \cos x: \frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x} = \tan(\frac{\pi}{4} - x), and \frac{\pi}{4} - x \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})).\frac{\pi}{4} - x (\cos x से भाग दीजिए: \frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x} = \tan(\frac{\pi}{4} - x), और \frac{\pi}{4} - x \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}))।\frac{\pi}{4} - x (\cos x se divide kijiye: \frac{1 - \tan x}{1 + \tan x} = \tan(\frac{\pi}{4} - x), aur \frac{\pi}{4} - x \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})).
Exercise 2.2, Q6: Write in the simplest form: \tan^{-1}\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}},\ |x| < a.प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 6: सरलतम रूप में लिखिए: \tan^{-1}\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}},\ |x| < a।Exercise 2.2, Q6: Simplest form mein likhiye: \tan^{-1}\dfrac{x}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}},\ |x| < a.
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\sin^{-1}\frac{x}{a} (put x = a\sin\theta: the fraction is \tan\theta).\sin^{-1}\frac{x}{a} (x = a\sin\theta रखिए: भिन्न \tan\theta है)।\sin^{-1}\frac{x}{a} (x = a\sin\theta rakhiye: fraction \tan\theta hai).
Exercise 2.2, Q7: Write in the simplest form: \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{3a^2x - x^3}{a^3 - 3ax^2}\right),\ a > 0;\ \frac{-a}{\sqrt3} < x < \frac{a}{\sqrt3}.प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 7: सरलतम रूप में लिखिए: \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{3a^2x - x^3}{a^3 - 3ax^2}\right),\ a > 0;\ \frac{-a}{\sqrt3} < x < \frac{a}{\sqrt3}।Exercise 2.2, Q7: Simplest form mein likhiye: \tan^{-1}\left(\dfrac{3a^2x - x^3}{a^3 - 3ax^2}\right),\ a > 0;\ \frac{-a}{\sqrt3} < x < \frac{a}{\sqrt3}.
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3\tan^{-1}\frac{x}{a} (put x = a\tan\theta: the fraction is \frac{3\tan\theta - \tan^3\theta}{1 - 3\tan^2\theta} = \tan 3\theta, and 3\theta \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})).3\tan^{-1}\frac{x}{a} (x = a\tan\theta रखिए: भिन्न \frac{3\tan\theta - \tan^3\theta}{1 - 3\tan^2\theta} = \tan 3\theta है, और 3\theta \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}))।3\tan^{-1}\frac{x}{a} (x = a\tan\theta rakhiye: fraction \frac{3\tan\theta - \tan^3\theta}{1 - 3\tan^2\theta} = \tan 3\theta hai, aur 3\theta \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})).
Exercise 2.2, Q8: Find the value of \tan^{-1}\left[2\cos\left(2\sin^{-1}\frac12\right)\right].प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 8: \tan^{-1}\left[2\cos\left(2\sin^{-1}\frac12\right)\right] का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.2, Q8: \tan^{-1}\left[2\cos\left(2\sin^{-1}\frac12\right)\right] ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{4}: \sin^{-1}\frac12 = \frac{\pi}{6}, 2\cos\frac{\pi}{3} = 1, \tan^{-1}1 = \frac{\pi}{4}.\frac{\pi}{4}: \sin^{-1}\frac12 = \frac{\pi}{6}, 2\cos\frac{\pi}{3} = 1, \tan^{-1}1 = \frac{\pi}{4}।\frac{\pi}{4}: \sin^{-1}\frac12 = \frac{\pi}{6}, 2\cos\frac{\pi}{3} = 1, \tan^{-1}1 = \frac{\pi}{4}.
Exercise 2.2, Q10: Find the value of \sin^{-1}\left(\sin\frac{2\pi}{3}\right).प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 10: \sin^{-1}\left(\sin\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.2, Q10: \sin^{-1}\left(\sin\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{3} (not \frac{2\pi}{3}): \sin\frac{2\pi}{3} = \sin\frac{\pi}{3} and \frac{\pi}{3} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}].\frac{\pi}{3} (\frac{2\pi}{3} नहीं): \sin\frac{2\pi}{3} = \sin\frac{\pi}{3} और \frac{\pi}{3} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}]।\frac{\pi}{3} (\frac{2\pi}{3} nahi): \sin\frac{2\pi}{3} = \sin\frac{\pi}{3} aur \frac{\pi}{3} \in [-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}].
Exercise 2.2, Q11: Find the value of \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\frac{3\pi}{4}\right).प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 11: \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.2, Q11: \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\frac{3\pi}{4}\right) ki value nikaliye.
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-\frac{\pi}{4}: \tan\frac{3\pi}{4} = -1 = \tan(-\frac{\pi}{4}) and -\frac{\pi}{4} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}).-\frac{\pi}{4}: \tan\frac{3\pi}{4} = -1 = \tan(-\frac{\pi}{4}) और -\frac{\pi}{4} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})।-\frac{\pi}{4}: \tan\frac{3\pi}{4} = -1 = \tan(-\frac{\pi}{4}) aur -\frac{\pi}{4} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}).
Exercise 2.2, Q12: Find the value of \tan\left(\sin^{-1}\frac35 + \cot^{-1}\frac32\right).प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 12: \tan\left(\sin^{-1}\frac35 + \cot^{-1}\frac32\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Exercise 2.2, Q12: \tan\left(\sin^{-1}\frac35 + \cot^{-1}\frac32\right) ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{17}{6}: \sin^{-1}\frac35 = \alpha has \tan\alpha = \frac34; \cot^{-1}\frac32 = \beta has \tan\beta = \frac23; \tan(\alpha + \beta) = \frac{\frac34 + \frac23}{1 - \frac34 \cdot \frac23} = \frac{17/12}{1/2} = \frac{17}{6}.\frac{17}{6}: \sin^{-1}\frac35 = \alpha के लिए \tan\alpha = \frac34; \cot^{-1}\frac32 = \beta के लिए \tan\beta = \frac23; \tan(\alpha + \beta) = \frac{\frac34 + \frac23}{1 - \frac34 \cdot \frac23} = \frac{17/12}{1/2} = \frac{17}{6}।\frac{17}{6}: \sin^{-1}\frac35 = \alpha ke liye \tan\alpha = \frac34; \cot^{-1}\frac32 = \beta ke liye \tan\beta = \frac23; \tan(\alpha + \beta) = \frac{\frac34 + \frac23}{1 - \frac34 \cdot \frac23} = \frac{17/12}{1/2} = \frac{17}{6}.
Exercise 2.2, Q13: \cos^{-1}\left(\cos\frac{7\pi}{6}\right) is equal to (A) \frac{7\pi}{6} (B) \frac{5\pi}{6} (C) \frac{\pi}{3} (D) \frac{\pi}{6}प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 13: \cos^{-1}\left(\cos\frac{7\pi}{6}\right) बराबर है (A) \frac{7\pi}{6} (B) \frac{5\pi}{6} (C) \frac{\pi}{3} (D) \frac{\pi}{6}Exercise 2.2, Q13: \cos^{-1}\left(\cos\frac{7\pi}{6}\right) barabar hai (A) \frac{7\pi}{6} (B) \frac{5\pi}{6} (C) \frac{\pi}{3} (D) \frac{\pi}{6}
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(B) \frac{5\pi}{6}: \cos\frac{7\pi}{6} = \cos(2\pi - \frac{7\pi}{6}) = \cos\frac{5\pi}{6} and \frac{5\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi].(B) \frac{5\pi}{6}: \cos\frac{7\pi}{6} = \cos(2\pi - \frac{7\pi}{6}) = \cos\frac{5\pi}{6} और \frac{5\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi]।(B) \frac{5\pi}{6}: \cos\frac{7\pi}{6} = \cos(2\pi - \frac{7\pi}{6}) = \cos\frac{5\pi}{6} aur \frac{5\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi].
Exercise 2.2, Q14: \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right)\right) is equal to (A) \frac12 (B) \frac13 (C) \frac14 (D) 1प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 14: \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right)\right) बराबर है (A) \frac12 (B) \frac13 (C) \frac14 (D) 1Exercise 2.2, Q14: \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{3} - \sin^{-1}\left(-\frac12\right)\right) barabar hai (A) \frac12 (B) \frac13 (C) \frac14 (D) 1
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(D) 1: \sin^{-1}(-\frac12) = -\frac{\pi}{6}, so \sin(\frac{\pi}{3} + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \sin\frac{\pi}{2} = 1.(D) 1: \sin^{-1}(-\frac12) = -\frac{\pi}{6}, इसलिए \sin(\frac{\pi}{3} + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \sin\frac{\pi}{2} = 1।(D) 1: \sin^{-1}(-\frac12) = -\frac{\pi}{6}, isliye \sin(\frac{\pi}{3} + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \sin\frac{\pi}{2} = 1.
Exercise 2.2, Q15: \tan^{-1}\sqrt3 - \cot^{-1}(-\sqrt3) is equal to (A) \pi (B) -\frac{\pi}{2} (C) 0 (D) 2\sqrt3प्रश्नावली 2.2, प्रश्न 15: \tan^{-1}\sqrt3 - \cot^{-1}(-\sqrt3) बराबर है (A) \pi (B) -\frac{\pi}{2} (C) 0 (D) 2\sqrt3Exercise 2.2, Q15: \tan^{-1}\sqrt3 - \cot^{-1}(-\sqrt3) barabar hai (A) \pi (B) -\frac{\pi}{2} (C) 0 (D) 2\sqrt3
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(B) -\frac{\pi}{2}: \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{5\pi}{6} = -\frac{\pi}{2}, because \cot^{-1}(-\sqrt3) = \frac{5\pi}{6} (in (0, \pi)).(B) -\frac{\pi}{2}: \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{5\pi}{6} = -\frac{\pi}{2}, क्योंकि \cot^{-1}(-\sqrt3) = \frac{5\pi}{6} ((0, \pi) में)।(B) -\frac{\pi}{2}: \frac{\pi}{3} - \frac{5\pi}{6} = -\frac{\pi}{2}, kyonki \cot^{-1}(-\sqrt3) = \frac{5\pi}{6} ((0, \pi) mein).
Miscellaneous Examplesविविध उदाहरणMiscellaneous Examples
sin⁻¹(sin 3π/5) = 2π/5, seen on the unit circlesin⁻¹(sin 3π/5) = 2π/5, इकाई वृत्त परsin⁻¹(sin 3π/5) = 2π/5, unit circle parNCERT Example 6 · 8 tappable partsOpenSolution — step by step (4)हल — चरण दर चरण (4)Hal — step by step (4)
- Blindly writing \frac{3\pi}{5} would be wrong: we must first check the range.सीधे \frac{3\pi}{5} लिख देना गलत होगा: पहले परिसर जाँचना ज़रूरी है।Seedha \frac{3\pi}{5} likh dena galat hoga: pehle range check karna zaroori hai.\sin^{-1}(\sin x) = x \iff x \in \left[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right]
- \frac{3\pi}{5} = 108^\circ is more than 90^\circ, so it is not in the principal branch of \sin^{-1}.\frac{3\pi}{5} = 108^\circ, 90^\circ से अधिक है, इसलिए यह \sin^{-1} की मुख्य शाखा में नहीं।\frac{3\pi}{5} = 108^\circ, 90^\circ se zyada hai, isliye ye \sin^{-1} ki principal branch mein nahi.\tfrac{3\pi}{5} \notin \left[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right]
- Use \sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta to find an angle with the same sine inside the range (72^\circ).\sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta से परिसर के अंदर समान sine वाला कोण (72^\circ) निकालिए।\sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta se range ke andar same sine wala angle (72^\circ) nikaliye.\sin\tfrac{3\pi}{5} = \sin\left(\pi - \tfrac{3\pi}{5}\right) = \sin\tfrac{2\pi}{5}, \quad \tfrac{2\pi}{5} \in \left[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}\right]
- Now the basic property applies.अब मूल गुणधर्म लागू होता है।Ab basic property lagti hai.\sin^{-1}\left(\sin\tfrac{3\pi}{5}\right) = \sin^{-1}\left(\sin\tfrac{2\pi}{5}\right) = \tfrac{2\pi}{5}
✔ \sin^{-1}\left(\sin\frac{3\pi}{5}\right) = \frac{2\pi}{5}\sin^{-1}\left(\sin\frac{3\pi}{5}\right) = \frac{2\pi}{5}\sin^{-1}\left(\sin\frac{3\pi}{5}\right) = \frac{2\pi}{5}
Miscellaneous Exercise, Q1: Find the value of \cos^{-1}\left(\cos\frac{13\pi}{6}\right).विविध प्रश्नावली, प्रश्न 1: \cos^{-1}\left(\cos\frac{13\pi}{6}\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Miscellaneous Exercise, Q1: \cos^{-1}\left(\cos\frac{13\pi}{6}\right) ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{6}: \cos\frac{13\pi}{6} = \cos(2\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \cos\frac{\pi}{6} and \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi].\frac{\pi}{6}: \cos\frac{13\pi}{6} = \cos(2\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \cos\frac{\pi}{6} और \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi]।\frac{\pi}{6}: \cos\frac{13\pi}{6} = \cos(2\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \cos\frac{\pi}{6} aur \frac{\pi}{6} \in [0, \pi].
Miscellaneous Exercise, Q2: Find the value of \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\frac{7\pi}{6}\right).विविध प्रश्नावली, प्रश्न 2: \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\frac{7\pi}{6}\right) का मान ज्ञात कीजिए।Miscellaneous Exercise, Q2: \tan^{-1}\left(\tan\frac{7\pi}{6}\right) ki value nikaliye.
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\frac{\pi}{6}: \tan\frac{7\pi}{6} = \tan(\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \tan\frac{\pi}{6} and \frac{\pi}{6} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}).\frac{\pi}{6}: \tan\frac{7\pi}{6} = \tan(\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \tan\frac{\pi}{6} और \frac{\pi}{6} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2})।\frac{\pi}{6}: \tan\frac{7\pi}{6} = \tan(\pi + \frac{\pi}{6}) = \tan\frac{\pi}{6} aur \frac{\pi}{6} \in (-\frac{\pi}{2}, \frac{\pi}{2}).
Miscellaneous Exercise, Q3: Prove that 2\sin^{-1}\frac35 = \tan^{-1}\frac{24}{7}.विविध प्रश्नावली, प्रश्न 3: सिद्ध कीजिए 2\sin^{-1}\frac35 = \tan^{-1}\frac{24}{7}।Miscellaneous Exercise, Q3: Siddh kijiye 2\sin^{-1}\frac35 = \tan^{-1}\frac{24}{7}.
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Let \sin^{-1}\frac35 = \theta, so \sin\theta = \frac35, \cos\theta = \frac45, \tan\theta = \frac34 and \theta < \frac{\pi}{4}. Then \tan 2\theta = \frac{2 \cdot \frac34}{1 - \frac{9}{16}} = \frac{24}{7} with 2\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}), so 2\theta = \tan^{-1}\frac{24}{7}.मान लीजिए \sin^{-1}\frac35 = \theta, तो \sin\theta = \frac35, \cos\theta = \frac45, \tan\theta = \frac34 और \theta < \frac{\pi}{4}। तब \tan 2\theta = \frac{2 \cdot \frac34}{1 - \frac{9}{16}} = \frac{24}{7} तथा 2\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}), इसलिए 2\theta = \tan^{-1}\frac{24}{7}।Maan lijiye \sin^{-1}\frac35 = \theta, to \sin\theta = \frac35, \cos\theta = \frac45, \tan\theta = \frac34 aur \theta < \frac{\pi}{4}. Tab \tan 2\theta = \frac{2 \cdot \frac34}{1 - \frac{9}{16}} = \frac{24}{7} aur 2\theta \in (0, \frac{\pi}{2}), isliye 2\theta = \tan^{-1}\frac{24}{7}.
Miscellaneous Exercise, Q13: \sin(\tan^{-1}x),\ |x| < 1 is equal to (A) \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} (B) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} (C) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} (D) \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}विविध प्रश्नावली, प्रश्न 13: \sin(\tan^{-1}x),\ |x| < 1 बराबर है (A) \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} (B) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} (C) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} (D) \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}Miscellaneous Exercise, Q13: \sin(\tan^{-1}x),\ |x| < 1 barabar hai (A) \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} (B) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} (C) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}} (D) \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}
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(D): put \tan^{-1}x = \theta, so \tan\theta = x and \sin\theta = \frac{\tan\theta}{\sec\theta} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}.(D): \tan^{-1}x = \theta रखिए, तो \tan\theta = x और \sin\theta = \frac{\tan\theta}{\sec\theta} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}।(D): \tan^{-1}x = \theta rakhiye, to \tan\theta = x aur \sin\theta = \frac{\tan\theta}{\sec\theta} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{1 + x^2}}.
Miscellaneous Exercise, Q14: If \sin^{-1}(1 - x) - 2\sin^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}, then x is equal to (A) 0, \frac12 (B) 1, \frac12 (C) 0 (D) \frac12विविध प्रश्नावली, प्रश्न 14: यदि \sin^{-1}(1 - x) - 2\sin^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}, तो x बराबर है (A) 0, \frac12 (B) 1, \frac12 (C) 0 (D) \frac12Miscellaneous Exercise, Q14: Agar \sin^{-1}(1 - x) - 2\sin^{-1}x = \frac{\pi}{2}, to x barabar hai (A) 0, \frac12 (B) 1, \frac12 (C) 0 (D) \frac12
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(C) 0. Check: x = 0 gives \sin^{-1}1 - 0 = \frac{\pi}{2} ✓; x = \frac12 gives \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{\pi}{3} = -\frac{\pi}{6} ✗.(C) 0। जाँच: x = 0 पर \sin^{-1}1 - 0 = \frac{\pi}{2} ✓; x = \frac12 पर \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{\pi}{3} = -\frac{\pi}{6} ✗।(C) 0. Check: x = 0 par \sin^{-1}1 - 0 = \frac{\pi}{2} ✓; x = \frac12 par \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{\pi}{3} = -\frac{\pi}{6} ✗.
Formula sheetसूत्र-पत्रFormula sheet
Quick revisionझटपट दोहरावQuick revision
- Trig functions are not one-one on \mathbb{R}, so we restrict their domains; each restricted piece gives a branch of the inverse.त्रिकोणमितीय फलन \mathbb{R} पर एकैकी नहीं, इसलिए उनके प्रांत सीमित करते हैं; हर सीमित टुकड़े से प्रतिलोम की एक शाखा मिलती है।Trig functions \mathbb{R} par one-one nahi, isliye unke domain restrict karte hain; har restricted tukde se inverse ki ek branch milti hai.Restrict the domain → get a branch of the inverse.
- No branch mentioned ⇒ principal value branch. Its value is the principal value.कोई शाखा न बताई हो ⇒ मुख्य मान शाखा। उसका मान मुख्य मान है।Koi branch na batayi ho ⇒ principal value branch. Uski value principal value hai.Default = principal branch.
- Ranges: \sin^{-1}, \tan^{-1}, \operatorname{cosec}^{-1} → around 0 (right half); \cos^{-1}, \cot^{-1}, \sec^{-1} → from 0 to \pi (upper half). Ends: open for tan⁻¹, cot⁻¹; 0 removed for cosec⁻¹; \frac{\pi}{2} removed for sec⁻¹.परिसर: \sin^{-1}, \tan^{-1}, \operatorname{cosec}^{-1} → 0 के आस-पास (दायाँ आधा); \cos^{-1}, \cot^{-1}, \sec^{-1} → 0 से \pi (ऊपरी आधा)। सिरे: tan⁻¹, cot⁻¹ के लिए खुले; cosec⁻¹ से 0 हटाया; sec⁻¹ से \frac{\pi}{2} हटाया।Ranges: \sin^{-1}, \tan^{-1}, \operatorname{cosec}^{-1} → 0 ke aas-paas (right half); \cos^{-1}, \cot^{-1}, \sec^{-1} → 0 se \pi (upper half). Ends: tan⁻¹, cot⁻¹ ke liye open; cosec⁻¹ se 0 hataya; sec⁻¹ se \frac{\pi}{2} hataya.Right half for sin, tan, cosec; upper half for cos, cot, sec.
- Domains: [-1, 1] for sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹; \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1) for cosec⁻¹, sec⁻¹; all of \mathbb{R} for tan⁻¹, cot⁻¹.प्रांत: sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹ के लिए [-1, 1]; cosec⁻¹, sec⁻¹ के लिए \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1); tan⁻¹, cot⁻¹ के लिए पूरा \mathbb{R}।Domains: sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹ ke liye [-1, 1]; cosec⁻¹, sec⁻¹ ke liye \mathbb{R} - (-1, 1); tan⁻¹, cot⁻¹ ke liye poora \mathbb{R}.Domain of the inverse = range of the restricted trig function.
- Graph of an inverse = mirror image of the restricted trig graph in the line y = x; (a, b) \leftrightarrow (b, a).प्रतिलोम का ग्राफ़ = सीमित त्रिकोणमितीय ग्राफ़ का रेखा y = x में दर्पण प्रतिबिंब; (a, b) \leftrightarrow (b, a)।Inverse ka graph = restricted trig graph ka line y = x mein mirror image; (a, b) \leftrightarrow (b, a).Flip in y = x.
- \sin^{-1}(\sin x) = x only when x is already in the principal range; otherwise first change x to the angle in the range with the same sine (Example 6).\sin^{-1}(\sin x) = x तभी जब x पहले से मुख्य परिसर में हो; नहीं तो पहले x को परिसर के उस कोण में बदलिए जिसका sine वही हो (उदाहरण 6)।\sin^{-1}(\sin x) = x tabhi jab x pehle se principal range mein ho; nahi to pehle x ko range ke us angle mein badaliye jiska sine wahi ho (Example 6).Check the range before cancelling sin⁻¹ and sin.
- Simplifying: substitute (x = \sin\theta, \tan\theta, \sec\theta…), simplify to one trig function, cancel using the property, and check the range.सरलीकरण: प्रतिस्थापन कीजिए (x = \sin\theta, \tan\theta, \sec\theta…), एक त्रिकोणमितीय फलन तक सरल कीजिए, गुणधर्म से काटिए और परिसर जाँचिए।Simplify karna: substitute kijiye (x = \sin\theta, \tan\theta, \sec\theta…), ek trig function tak simplify kijiye, property se cancel kijiye aur range check kijiye.Substitute, simplify, cancel, check range.
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