Apparent depth (bottom of a tank looks raised)आभासी गहराई (टंकी का तल ऊपर उठा दिखता है)Apparent depth (bottom of a tank looks raised)

NCERT Fig 9.10 · Class 12 Physics · Chapter 9 · interactive diagram

Parts and what they mean

• Water (denser medium) (जल (सघन माध्यम)) — Light from O goes from water to air and bends away from the normal.
• Object O at real depth (वास्तविक गहराई पर वस्तु O) — A coin at the bottom, at depth h₂.
• Rays from O (traced with Snell’s law) (O से किरणें (स्नेल नियम से)) — At the surface they bend away from the normal (n sin i = sin r).
• Backward extensions (पीछे की ओर विस्तार) — The eye traces the rays back in straight lines; they meet at I, higher than O.
• Normal at the surface (सतह पर अभिलंब) — Angles are measured from here.
• Virtual image I (आभासी प्रतिबिंब I) — Where the coin appears to be.
• Observer looking nearly along the normal (लगभग अभिलंब के अनुदिश देखता प्रेक्षक) — The simple formula h₁ = h₂/n holds for near-normal viewing; viewed obliquely, the bottom looks even higher.
• Real depth h₂ (वास्तविक गहराई h₂) — Actual depth of the object.
• Apparent depth h₁ = h₂/n (आभासी गहराई h₁ = h₂/n) — For water, h₁ ≈ 0.75 h₂: a 1 m deep pool looks about 75 cm deep.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 9.10. Report a mistake