Steps of glycolysis (EMP pathway)ग्लाइकोलिसिस के चरण (EMP पथ)

NCERT Fig 12.1 · interactive diagram

Parts and their functions

• Glucose (6C) (ग्लूकोज़ (6C)) — Start; sucrose is first split by invertase into glucose + fructose.
• Glucose-6-phosphate (ग्लूकोज़-6-फ़ॉस्फ़ेट) — Formed by hexokinase using 1 ATP.
• Fructose-6-phosphate (फ़्रक्टोज़-6-फ़ॉस्फ़ेट) — Isomer of G-6-P.
• Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (फ़्रक्टोज़-1,6-बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ेट) — Second ATP used; then split into two 3C sugars.
• PGAL and DHAP (PGAL और DHAP) — 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (interconvertible).
• 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-बिसफ़ॉस्फ़ोग्लिसरेट) — PGAL oxidised; NAD⁺ → NADH + H⁺.
• 3-phosphoglycerate (3-फ़ॉस्फ़ोग्लिसरेट) — BPGA → 3-PGA gives ATP (energy-yielding step).
• 2-phosphoglycerate (2-फ़ॉस्फ़ोग्लिसरेट) — Isomer of 3-PGA.
• PEP (PEP) — Phosphoenol pyruvate; next step gives ATP.
• Pyruvic acid (पाइरुविक अम्ल) — Key product; its fate depends on the cell’s needs and O₂.
• ATP used (ATP उपयोग) — 2 ATP per glucose are used in the early steps.
• ATP made (ATP निर्माण) — 4 ATP per glucose made directly (substrate-level).
• NADH formed (NADH निर्माण) — 2 NADH + H⁺ per glucose.

Original diagram drawn by Simple Learning Hub, based on NCERT Fig 12.1. Report a mistake